Presentation for a lesson for primary school on the topic "the history of the appearance of writing in Rus'." Presentation on the topic: History of the emergence of writing Presentation on the topic of the most ancient types of writing
In very distant times, when people could neither read nor write, they stored their thoughts, laws, and legends in their memory. Those who told stories were called “storytellers.” They were always welcome guests at feasts. People listened to their story to the sounds of the lyre and gusli...
PICTOGRAPHY “pictorial writing”, a way of transmitting information through the image of some objects or events. It is considered the oldest stage in the development of writing. Pictograms can be any rock carvings or inscriptions or drawings scratched on bones, painted on skin, etc.
In the north of Spain there is a cave with the beautiful name Altamira, on its walls drawings left by primitive people were first discovered. Nowadays, there are many such art galleries around the world. These are the first books in the history of mankind - “stone books”. Ancient hunting scene. Image of a bull.
Petroglyph (Greek petra - rock, glyphe - carving) are images of animals, birds, fish, boats, people and strange signs carved on stones and rocks. Karelian petroglyphs are outstanding monuments that are world famous. “Stone Chronicle”, “Stone Age Bible” - that’s what researchers call them.
In the Asian city of Pergamon, a replacement for papyrus was found. Finely dressed sheep skins served as a new material for writing. This is how parchment appeared. It differed favorably from its predecessors, it could be bent, cut, stitched... Sheep skin went a long way to become a book...
Tsai Lun “Take old rags, lumps of cotton wool, pieces of fishing nets, tree bark, throw it all into a vat of water and shake until you get a homogeneous paste. Strain this paste through a mesh, roll out into a thin layer and let it dry...”
“Those who cannot write cannot appreciate what great and hard work it is. It ruins your vision and bends your back. Therefore, O reader, turn the pages slowly, and be careful not to keep your fingers on the text. An ignorant reader who destroys a book is like hail that destroys a harvest.”
Clerk Ivan Fedorov is the founder of book printing in Rus'. His “Apostle” is a true example of the remarkable printing art of that time. The entire life and work of Ivan Fedorov, as far as we now know from scanty and fragmentary information, was imbued with the desire to develop national culture and education.
The cover is the face of the book. It can be soft, then it is called a “cover”. Soft covers are usually thin books whose pages are held together with a paper clip, like your notebooks. Or maybe it’s made of hard cardboard, in which case it’s called “binding.” Thick books with a large number of pages that are difficult to secure with simple paper clips are bound.
A book block consists of paper sheets collected in a notebook, in a certain order and fastened together. The place where the notebooks are held together in the finished book is called the spine. Pieces of colored braid - captal - are glued to the top and bottom of the spine. In modern editions, the capital is preserved, rather, according to tradition and serves to decorate the book.
The flyleaf is a double sheet of paper connecting the book block to the binding cover. Translated from German, flyleaf means “before the type.” Frontispiece is a drawing placed on the back of the flyleaf. Translated from French it means “looking into the forehead”
The title page is one of the first pages of the book, preceding the text of the work. The title page contains the main output information: name of the author, title of the book, place of publication, name of the publisher, year of publication. Sometimes additional information is included on the title page: names of persons who took part in the publication, executive editor, translator, etc.
“Sacred writings” The word “hieroglyph” originally meant “sacred writings.” The Egyptians, for example, composed entire messages in pictures, writing with icons, each of which denoted a word. It was difficult to master such a letter, because it required keeping hundreds of characters in memory. In China and Japan they still write with hieroglyphs that arose in ancient times.
The real alphabet, not a syllabary, but a letter alphabet, where there are signs not only for consonants, but also for vowels, first appeared among the ancient Greeks. They borrowed writing from the Phoenicians, but it turned out that it was not very suitable for the Greek language, in which vowels play a significant role and they also need symbols. It was then that the Greeks came up with signs for vowels. The Greek alphabet turned out to be so simple and convenient that other peoples of the ancient Mediterranean, the Lycians, Lydians, Thracians, and Etruscans, also used it. The Phoenicians went even further - they came up with letters. Each letter is one sound. But only consonants were recorded.
Cyril and Methodius We owe the appearance of the Russian alphabet to two brothers - Cyril and Methodius. One day, ambassadors from the Moravian Principality arrived in Byzantium. Their people adopted Christianity, but they were taught by Latin priests who spoke an incomprehensible Latin language. The ambassadors conveyed the request of the Prince of Moravia to send to his land a teacher who would speak his native Slavic language.
Therefore, Kirill decided to compile an alphabet that would contain all the letters needed for the Slavic language. As a result, the Slavic alphabet created by Kirill ended up with 43 letters. On May 24, 863, in the city of Pliska, the brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the creation of the Slavic alphabet. Glagolitic
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Presentation on the topic: The history of writing
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The first writing that arose on Earth was Sumerian. This happened about 5 thousand years ago. Their writing is called cuneiform after its later form. There are 2 hypotheses about the origin of writing: monogenesis (invented in the 1st place) polygenesis (in several centers). Writing is represented in 3 primary centers, the connection of which has not been proven: Mesopotamian (Sumerians), Egyptian (according to the theory of monogenesis, introduced from the Sumerians), writing of the Far East (Chinese, according to the theory of monogenesis, introduced from the Sumerians).
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Writing develops uniformly everywhere - from drawings to written signs. Pictography turns into a graphic system. Picture writing turns into language graphics not when they disappear, but when we can guess what language the text is written in.
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Sometimes people sent each other various objects instead of letters. Writing itself, descriptive writing, began with drawings. Writing with drawings is called pictography (from the Latin pictus - picturesque and the Greek grapho - I write). In pictography, art and writing are inseparable, so archaeologists, ethnographers, art historians, and literary historians study rock paintings.
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Everyone is interested in their own area. For a historian of writing, the information contained in the drawing is important. A pictogram usually denotes some kind of life situation, such as hunting, or animals and people, or various objects - a boat, a house, etc. The first inscriptions were about household concerns - food, weapons, supplies - objects were simply depicted. Gradually, there is a violation of the principle of isomorphism (i.e., a reliable representation of the number of objects - how many vases there are, so many we draw).
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Modern writing has gone through a fairly long period of development. The following stages of its formation can be distinguished: Subject writing Initially, people did not have any writing. Therefore, it was quite difficult to transmit information over long distances.
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Pictographic writingThe next stage in the formation of writing was writing based on images (pictograms). You can remember that the origin of fine art occurred in the times of ancient people before the advent of statehood. The essence of pictographic writing is that a certain concept is expressed with the help of a certain sign. For example, the concept of “person” can be conveyed by the image of a person.
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Hieroglyphic writingIn hieroglyphic writing it is often difficult to distinguish the original image underlying it. Typical structural elements appear in hieroglyphs, repeated in different characters. In addition, in languages that are characterized by changes in the form of a word depending on its syntactic role, it was necessary to supplement hieroglyphs with special symbols for the forms of words.
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Syllabic writing A significant step towards bringing oral and written speech closer together was the formation of syllabic writing. The most famous syllabary systems are cuneiform (Old Persian, Akkadian and other heirs of Sumerian writing), West Semitic (Phoenician, Arabic and other heirs of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics) and Japanese syllabary systems (katakana and hiragana). The Phoenician letter played a very important role in the life of mankind. It was this that formed the basis of the Greek letter, from which the Latin and Cyrillic alphabet, and, accordingly, most modern writings, originated.
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Alphabetic writingPhoenician writing essentially lacked letters to represent vowel sounds. Therefore, special symbols appeared to indicate vowels. As a result, writing moved to an even more universal level. Now, using about 30 signs that anyone could easily learn, it was possible to convey almost any words of oral speech. Alphabetic writing, due to its simplicity, quickly spread throughout the world (although in some civilizations the transition to it did not occur).
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Ideographic (pictographic) - a written sign is tied to a specific meaning Phonoideographic - a written sign is tied to both meaning and sound Logographic - a written sign denotes a specific word Morphemic - a written sign denotes a specific morpheme Phonetic - a written sign is tied to a specific sound syllabic (syllabic) - every written sign the sign denotes a specific syllable. They are distinguished: syllabic writing itself - syllables with the same consonant, but with different vowels are indicated by completely different signs (for example, Japanese kana); abugida - such syllables are indicated by modified forms of one basic sign (for example, Ethiopian writing) and / or additional signs (Indian writing )
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Northern Etruscan version The most popular theory about the origin of runic writing from one of the Northern Etruscan alphabets, which was proposed in 1928 by runologist Karl Marstrander Non-traditional versions In the 1930-1940s, the Urrunen theory was developed in Germany, according to which runes come from certain ancestral runes, from which it came including the North Semitic alphabet, and therefore all the alphabetic writings of the world. Mythological version According to Scandinavian mythology, the runes were revealed to Odin when he, pierced by his own spear, hung on the World Tree for nine days and nights without food or drink. After which, having quenched his thirst with sacred (shamanic) honey from his grandfather Bölthorn, he heard the runes and drew the first of them with a spear on the Tree with his own blood.
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Thus, now we can say with confidence that in the pre-Cyrillic era the Slavs had several types of writing; most likely, it was not fully adapted for the accurate transmission of Slavic speech and was of a syllabic or runic nature; the Slavs also used the simplest writing such as “traits and cuts” for various purposes. The spread of Christianity among the Slavs was a political step both on the part of the Slavs, who sought to strengthen their position in Europe, and on the part of the Roman-Byzantine world, which sought to establish its dominance over the Slavic peoples who were gaining increasing political influence. This is partly due to the almost complete destruction of the ancient Slavic script and the rapid spread of new alphabets among people accustomed to writing.
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Is it possible to answer the question: who, what person invented the writing system? Who was the first to use alphabetic writing? There is no answer to these questions. The emergence of writing was caused by the demands of the life of society and the state, the economic activity of people - and writing appeared. But alphabets were created later, in our era, the new era, by educated people of their time. Thus, Cyril and Methodius created a letter for the Slavic languages.
- SPEECH IS THE PRIMARY MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
- HISTORY OF WRITING – A PAGE IN THE HISTORY OF HUMANITY
* SUBJECT LETTER
* PICTOGRAM
* HIEROGLYPH
* SYLLABLE LETTER
* ALPHABET
- THE IMPORTANCE OF WRITING.
- ABOUT THE AUTHOR.
SPEECH IS THE PRIMARY MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
THE MAIN MEANS OF COMMUNICATION IN HUMAN SOCIETY AT THE EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT WAS SOUND SPEECH. IT GAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP OTHER MEANS OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION.
THE HISTORY OF WRITING IS A PAGE IN THE HISTORY OF HUMANITY.
One of these additional means of communication that appeared in ancient times is writing. The history of writing is one of the important pages in the history of the development of human culture. Knowledge of this history is necessary, because it allows you to visualize how a person walked along the path of progress.
SUBJECT LETTER
One of the first types of writing was knot writing. The color, shape of the nodules, and the order of their arrangement were strictly determined and had a certain conventional meaning.
PICTOGRAM
A pictogram is a type of writing in which the entire statement is conveyed through the use of a system of interconnected drawings.
PICTOGRAM
What information do you think this pictogram conveys?
HIEROGLYPH
Gradually, elements of symbolism appear in the drawings. Thus begins the transition to idiography.
HIEROGLYPH
Various materials were used for descriptive writing.
parchment
clay tablet
SYLLABLE LETTER
After 1500, a more convenient form of writing was developed in Hellas - syllabic writing. The focus on the syllable allowed us to limit ourselves to a relatively small number of characters.
All these types of writing could not withstand the competition of the alphabet, which was first invented by the Phoenicians. A certain order of letters was borrowed by the Greeks. The Greek alphabet was the source for all Western alphabets.
THE IMPORTANCE OF WRITING
The invention of writing made it possible
Accumulate knowledge;
Communicate them over long distances;
Pass them on from generation to generation.
Kazakova Oksana Evgenievna
teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU Secondary School No. 46, Ulyanovsk