Reduced freight turnover. The most important problems of the development and placement of railway transport in the Russian Federation in a market economy
The volume of VT work is calculated in ton-kilometers and passenger-kilometers. A unit of output is the work expended on moving one ton of cargo or 1 passenger over a distance of 1 km. The volume of VT work is calculated separately for each type of transportation.
The work of moving cargo is determined by the cargo ton-kilometers or cargo turnover performed. Freight turnover is defined as the product of the number of tons of cargo moved (shipped) and the distance of their transportation.
When moving passengers, two indicators of transport performance are determined: passenger turnover and passenger tonne-kilometers. Passenger turnover is measured in passenger kilometers and is equal to the product of the number of passengers transported and the transportation distance.
Passenger tonne-kilometres must be calculated to be able to determine general work transport (measuring passenger turnover with freight and postal turnover). To convert passenger turnover into passenger tonne-kilometres, a coefficient equal to the weight of the passenger with the free baggage allowance is applied.
Reduced cargo turnover (ton-kilometers) is the total work of the airline in providing air transportation services. This is the volume of production produced by an airline when transporting 1 ton of commercial load over a distance of 1 km.
The total volume of transport work is determined by the reduced transport products, which is equal to the sum of ton-kilometers by type of transport.
2. Performance indicators include:
Speed (travel).
The economic significance of increasing speed is to reduce transportation time; the value of speed plays an important role in planning the airline's activities.
The following types of speeds are used in GA:
1) cruising;
2) scheduled;
3) commercial speed.
Cruising speed is the speed of uniform horizontal flight of the aircraft when the engines are operating in cruising mode and at the design flight altitude and weight of the aircraft (indicated in the aircraft flight characteristics).
Route speed – average speed during a non-stop flight between two airports.
Commercial speed is the speed of the aircraft, taking into account the time the aircraft is parked at intermediate airports.
Delivery speed - takes into account the time spent by the passenger on the road from the place of stay to the airport upon departure, and the time of delivery of the passenger from the airport to the destination upon arrival of the aircraft (“door to door”).
Annual flight hours.
Annual flight hours on a listed aircraft is an important indicator of the volume of work and aircraft utilization.
Flight hours are usually divided into production hours, performed during commercial flights, and non-production hours, which include training and auxiliary service hours.
Training flight time - includes flight time spent on training flight personnel.
Auxiliary - service time: flights associated with testing in the air of an aircraft, engines and instruments after maintenance; transporting the aircraft for repair, from repair, to a new location; fog dispersal flights, etc.
The so-called unproductive flight hours. These are flights, the execution of which is not necessary for the operation of the enterprise (returns from a flight due to the unreasonable weather forecast, detection of a malfunction, etc.).
Aircraft hourly productivity.
Hourly productivity is an indicator that evaluates the intensity and efficiency of use of transport aircraft by type. This indicator determines the volume of production carried out by the aircraft within an hour. With its help, the use of aircraft during flight on a specific overhead line, as well as throughout the enterprise as a whole, is assessed.
The economic significance of aircraft productivity is as follows: the higher the aircraft productivity, the lower the cost of its flight hour and the cost of 1 tkm, which leads to a reduction in costs and an increase in the profit of the enterprise.
Aircraft performance is a function of three quantities: the maximum payload, the degree of its utilization and the flight speed.
The commercial load of an aircraft includes passengers, mail, and cargo. The maximum possible load value is set based on the full occupancy of passenger seats, luggage and cargo spaces, and the maximum is determined depending on the non-stop flight range, as well as on the amount of fuel refueling. The use of commercial load is determined by the percentage of use, which is calculated for the flight, as a whole, for the overhead line, and the enterprise.
The maximum commercial load is an individual characteristic of each type of aircraft; it is determined by the take-off weight of the aircraft, its passenger capacity, the volume of cargo space, strength and alignment restrictions. The value of the maximum commercial load is indicated in the technical specifications and should not be exceeded under operating conditions.
3. Indicators of quality and efficiency of the transport process:
Average transportation distance.
The average transportation distance is calculated separately by type of transportation (passengers, mail, cargo), as well as by overhead line, for the airline as a whole, and for the civil aviation industry. This is necessary for the correct assignment of landing at intermediate airports; to determine the aircraft required by the airline to operate flights (short-, medium-, long-haul).
The average transportation distance is determined by dividing the indicator characterizing the volume of work performed (passenger turnover, cargo turnover, postal cargo turnover) by a quantitative indicator (number of passengers, cargo, luggage transported).
Flight safety (FS).
Air transport today is the safest for passengers. BP is the main indicator of the quality of air transport.
Flight safety is a set of measures to ensure the safe conduct of flights, a comprehensive characteristic of civil aircraft and aviation services, and (or) work that determines the ability to carry out flights without threatening the life and health of people.
Aviation accident is an event that occurred during the use of an aircraft for the purpose of performing a flight, associated with a disruption in the normal functioning of this ship, its crew, other aviation personnel, or associated with the impact of external conditions and leading to loss of life, significant damage, destruction or loss of the aircraft.
Investigation is a process that includes the collection and analysis of information, the preparation of conclusions, including the establishment of causes and the development of safety recommendations, carried out with the aim of preventing aviation accidents.
IN lately The so-called aviation safety of the civil aviation industry, because attempts to use air transport for non-peaceful purposes do not stop, and those using aviation as an object for terrorism are becoming more cunning in their actions.
Aviation safety is the normal and safe operation of aviation, ensured by the prevention and prevention of accidents in its activities.
Unlawful interference in aviation activities is an unlawful action or inaction that encroaches on the normal and safe activities of aviation, resulting in accidents to people, material damage, seizure or hijacking of aircraft, or creating the threat of such consequences.
Aviation progress has a direct impact positive influence to boost the state's economy. And any attack on civil aviation facilities harms its national interests, in addition, acts of illegal interference are directly related to the enormous economic damage to civil aviation enterprises (airports, airlines), their partners in the aviation business, as well as clients - consumers of air transport services.
Regularity of flights.
The regularity of flights and the accuracy of schedule implementation are the most important indicators of the quality of airline services. It is easier to ensure accuracy on modern aircraft with improved technical characteristics, which are not subject to restrictions on weather conditions, noise or harmful engine emissions.
To reduce the cost of air transportation, a large number of flight hours are required for each scheduled aircraft, which inevitably leads to the scheduling of some flights with inconvenient departure and landing times and an increase in the likelihood of flight delays. various reasons. Because For effective use The aircraft's movement plan is drawn up with minimal time reserves, then the airline must reserve a free plane to ensure accurate execution of the schedule. It is more important to accurately observe the time of arrival of the aircraft at the destination for further flights without delays than the departure time (you can catch up on the flight delay time by choosing a flight level at which the wind is blowing in a tail direction).
For delays in the arrival of a regularly scheduled flight, passengers of prestigious airlines are paid compensation, the amount of which depends on the distance of the flight and the delay time (distance up to 3.5 thousand km, delay time less than 2 hours - 75 euros/person; distance up to 3.5 thousand km, delay time more than 2 hours – 150 euros/person; distance more than 3.5 thousand km, delay time less than 4 hours – 150 euros/person; distance more than 3.5 thousand km, time delays of more than 4 hours – 300 euros/person).
The NPB of the Republic of Kazakhstan establishes the limits of liability of air carriers for flight delays and the amount of compensation for air passengers.
4. Technical indicators include:
Carrying capacity.
Market carrying capacity (capacity) is a quantitative indicator that shows the maximum possible volume of services that can be provided to customers at a certain point in time and at a certain price.
The legal basis for international air transport is commercial rights or “freedom of the air”.
The carrying capacity of international air transportation is regulated at the state level through negotiations and the conclusion of bilateral agreements on air services. Over the past 50 years, states have developed various forms of capacity regulation, which are reflected in bilateral agreements.
ICAO has developed methods for regulating capacity, which are classified into 3 main categories:
1) Preliminary determination method.
2) Bermuda Agreement method.
3) Free determination method.
Available seat-kilometers is the sum of the products of multiplying the number of passenger seats available for sale at each stage of a flight by the length of the stage.
Passenger load factor is passenger kilometers expressed as a percentage of available seat kilometers.
Available ton-kilometers is the sum of the products of multiplying the number of tons of available payload at each stage of the flight by the length of the stage.
Commercial load factor is the total number of ton-kilometers completed, expressed as a percentage of available ton-kilometers.
Bandwidth.
Capacity is the ability to serve a certain number of passengers (aircraft) per unit of time in compliance with established service requirements. The main element determining airport capacity is runway capacity. The capacity of other elements of the airport (taxiway, apron, airport terminal, station area, access roads) is brought into line with the capacity of the runway.
The runway capacity is measured in “aircraft per hour” (aircraft per hour). This is the maximum number of takeoff and landing operations (consecutive takeoffs, sequential landings, or alternate takeoffs and landings combined) that can be performed at an aerodrome per unit time at given conditions in compliance with flight safety rules.
AVK capacity is the average capacity determined by the number of passengers served during rush hour.
Railway transport ranks second in terms of freight turnover (after sea transport) and second in passenger turnover (after road transport). Currently, its development is slowing down. In terms of the total length of the road network (about 1.2 million km), it is inferior not only to road transport, but also to air and pipeline transport. Main function railway transport - transportation of bulk industrial and agricultural cargo (coal, steel, grain, etc.) to long distances. Distinctive feature- regularity of movement regardless of the weather and time of year.
The development of railway transport is determined by the following indicators:
- the total length of railways in a particular region;
- density (density) of the railway network (length of railways per 100 or 1000 km2);
- Freight turnover and passenger turnover.
Besides, important indicators is the degree of electrification of railways and other indicators characterizing its quality.
The differences in the level of development of railway transport by region are very large. For example, Western Europe is oversaturated with railways, and some in Asia do not have them at all.
In general, in the world, due to competition with road transport, the length of the railway network is decreasing, mainly in ( and ). Their new construction is carried out only in certain, mostly countries with transition economies (China, China, etc.).
In terms of the length of the railway network, the leading countries in the world are occupied by the largest (in terms of territory size) countries: the USA (176 thousand km), Russia (86), (85), China, Australia, Mexico. These countries account for more than half of the world's total railway length.
European countries are the leaders in the density of railways (their density is 133 km per 1 thousand sq. km). The average density of the railway network in African countries is only 2.7 km per 1 thousand square meters. km.
In terms of the level of electrification of railways, European countries are also ahead of all (about 100% of railways are electrified, in Russia - 65%, in Russia - more than 50%, in Russia - 47%). Russia ranks first in the total length of electrified railways.
US railroad electrification is very low (1%).
In certain regions and countries of the world, railways have different gauges. The track is wider than in the countries of Eastern and Western Europe, North America, Asia. The gauge of some other states (for example, the states of the Iberian Peninsula) does not correspond to the Western European gauge. In general, the Western European track accounts for up to 3/4 of the length of the world's roads.
In terms of cargo turnover, the leading positions in the world are occupied by the USA, China and Russia, in terms of passenger turnover - Japan (395 billion passenger-km), China (354), India (320), Russia (170), Germany - 60 billion passenger-km;
In a number of developed countries (France, Japan, Germany, etc.) super-high-speed (with a speed of more than 300 km/h) railways have been created.
The railways of countries, foreign Europe, North America within their regions are connected into a single transport system, i.e. they form regional railway systems. For example, to carry out transit transportation between foreign countries and through the CIS territory, the Trans-Siberian “bridge” was laid, along which cargo passes to the ports of Nakhodka and Vostochny and further to.
When characterizing railway transport, it is necessary to note qualitative changes in it on modern stage: the use of new types of engines, the creation of wheelless trains operating on an air cushion, magnetic and electromagnetic suspension.
Freight turnover- this is the quantity (total volume) of goods transported according to the object in question over a certain period of time: be it an enterprise, a type of transport, an industry or a state as a whole.
Freight turnover How economic indicator transport work is the product of the weight of cargo transported over a certain time and the transportation distance.
For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo over an average distance of 150 km during the year, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 x 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.
The freight turnover indicator is measured by a unit such as a ton-kilometer, but it is more common to use the indicator of the total tonnage of transportation performed.
To measure the volume of traffic within a state or a designated region, two units of measurement are used at once. The process of assessing the functioning of a transport facility or an individual node involves using only the total weight of cargo transported in tons.
In a large-scale sense, the freight turnover indicator assesses the relationships between states or regions, and in the transport sector it determines the throughput of certain objects. The growth of interstate freight turnover indicates the development of trade and economy. During a crisis, there is a drop in cargo turnover. The instability of cargo turnover between regions suggests difficulties in the main transport system, in the functioning of companies, as well as weak internecine economic ties.
Types of cargo turnover
Typically, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport sector in order to give an estimate a certain type freight turnover.
Rail transport– the most large-scale and budgetary. In Russia, the railway network serves 4/5 of the country's total freight turnover. The construction and development of communication lines is continuously increasing the number of goods transported. A general assessment of the country's freight turnover suggests that the development of the railway network, the lower the costs of transporting tonnage.
Water transport- also one of the most profitable options for transporting cargo, but it is not possible in every region, but only between territories adjacent to the sea or a wide river. In addition, river navigation is only possible in the summer - in cold weather the rivers freeze. During the hot season, river transport accounts for 10–15% of Russia’s total cargo turnover. Shipping by sea is usually interstate shipments. Their share accounts for 4–7%.
Pipeline transport used only for transferring liquid and volatile mixtures. Gas, ammonia, oil and other chemical binders are transmitted through pipelines. In the Russian Federation, the majority of exports of “oil and gas products” are carried out through pipelines. In this industry, the increase in cargo turnover is determined by the laying of new pipeline routes.
Road transport completely dependent on the availability and quality of roads. Most road freight transport is of local importance, i.e. carried out between enterprises, port and enterprise, etc. Such deliveries are completed faster. Motor transport does not require additional loading/unloading, which reduces the economic benefits of transportation, and is therefore more profitable. With its help, you can deliver the entrusted cargo to its destination without additional costs and delays.
The mobility and variety of vehicles guarantees their demand for long-distance deliveries of any cargo volume.
Air transport– an expensive approach to transporting goods. Its advantage is the urgency of delivery or delivery of cargo to places where routes are not equipped. For example, you need to quickly deliver goods to a taiga settlement. There are especially many such places in Russia. For this reason, the cargo turnover of air transport is quite high.
A summary assessment of cargo supplies for each transport sector allows us to determine the level of development of the sector and its need for modernization and related equipment, plus the construction of new tracks. Also, a general assessment allows us to identify the significance of a specific industry in the cargo exchange of the entire national economy.
Federal Agency for Railway Transport
Federal State educational institution
Higher vocational education
"Petersburg state university means of communication"
Department of Transport Economics
TRANSPORTATION PLAN AND OPERATION OF RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK IN FREIGHT TRAFFIC
To complete the course project
For students of specialties
"Organization of transportation and management
In transport (railway)",
"Economics and enterprise management
(railway transport)"
SAINT PETERSBURG
PGUPS
Purpose course project is to consolidate the knowledge on the topic “Planning of transportation by rail”, obtained in the lecture course, as well as the acquisition and development of practical skills in performing technical and economic calculations related to planning operational work railway.
Course project assignment
The course project consists of interrelated sections that require:
– draw up a plan for loading and unloading, receiving and handing over wagons;
– build a diagram of car flows of loaded cars, calculate the density of traffic and the mileage of loaded cars along the road;
– determine the balance of empty cars and draw up a diagram of car flows of empty cars;
Based on the initial data (see appendices 1–3) and data obtained by calculation, it is necessary to determine:
– volume of ton-kilometer work (net), locomotive and train runs, gross ton-kilometers;
– the required fleet of locomotives and quality indicators of their use;
– working fleet of cars and quality indicators of their use.
Take the assignment for options from Appendices 1, 2 - according to the student number in the teacher’s journal, and for correspondence students - according to the last digit of the code; from Appendix 3 - by the first letter of the last name.
FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
1.1 Freight transportation planning methodology
The main indicators of freight transportation are:
– the number of tons of cargo transported (volume of transportation);
– cargo turnover;
– number of shipments;
– traffic density;
– average transportation distance;
– unevenness of transportation.
In this course project Certain simplifications have been introduced to reduce the volume of calculations. Thus, operational performance indicators (number of shipments, unevenness of transportation, etc.) are not calculated; the given conditional railway includes only two sections (A–B and B–C), and individual parameters of the operational operation of the railway are given as the initial values of freight traffic (see Appendix 1–3). But these simplifications do not affect the methodology for developing a freight transportation plan.
Freight transport planning is important practical significance, since it is the initial basis for the development of other sections of the plan for the production and economic activities of railways (labor and wages; fixed and working capital; operating costs and production costs, etc.). It must be emphasized that freight transportation provides over 2/3 of all income from all rail transportation.
Number of tons of cargo transported (traffic volume) is usually measured at the time of departure. On the road, the volume of traffic is determined as the sum of departures (loading) from all stations of the road and receipt of goods from neighboring roads, that is:
The volume of transportation by road is divided into the arrival of cargo within a given unit and delivery to other units, that is:
.
Then the total volume of traffic on the road is distributed by type of communication (Fig. 1.1).
IN local traffic transportation is carried out within the same road, and directly - transportation on sections of two or more roads.
IN direct message highlight:
Direct message
Import Export
Local service
Rice. 1.1 Distribution of traffic volume by type of communication
– in v o z, i.e. arrival of cargo from stations on other roads to this road;
– in you in about z, i.e. sending cargo from stations on this road to other roads in the network;
– t r a n z i t, i.e. transportation of goods arriving from other roads and traveling through this road to other roads in the network.
Thus, the volume of traffic on the road is equal to:
.
Reception of cargo can be considered as the sum of import and transit:
,
and delivery of cargo - as the sum of export and transit:
.
The departure of cargo, in turn, is equal to the sum of exported cargo and cargo transported locally:
,
and arrival – the sum of imported goods and goods transported locally:
.
Freight turnover – this is the work of moving cargo, defined as the product of the mass of the cargo and the transportation distance. Freight turnover is measured in ton-kilometers. Distinguish net cargo turnover– this is the work of transport, taking into account only the movement of cargo, and gross turnover, taking into account the movement of cargo along with the tare weight of the rolling stock.
Net cargo turnover can be tariff and operational.
Tariff freight turnover is calculated based on the so-called tariff distances in transportation documents (waybill and road manifest).
Operational cargo turnover is determined by the actual mileage of the cargo from the driver’s route.
The ratio of net cargo turnover to gross cargo turnover can be characterized by the coefficient useful action railway transport:
.
Number of submissions – a specific indicator of transport. A shipment is a consignment of goods documented by one transportation document (road manifest). One shipment can be a whole train, moving from one sender to one recipient (route); there may be one or more wagons (carriage) or a container (container), or there may be one box in a wagon (small). In a course project, the number of submissions is not calculated.
The transportation plan determines traffic density – the number of tons of cargo transported through 1 km of the transport network per unit of time. The density of traffic is established overall and in the following directions: cargo (even) and empty (odd).
The traffic density value is equal to the arithmetic average of the density value at the entrance and exit of the site in each direction.
The average density, or load intensity, of freight traffic as a whole along the road is determined as the quotient of the net freight turnover divided by the corresponding operational length:
Average transportation distance – this is the distance over which each ton of cargo is transported on average; it is defined as the ratio of net cargo turnover to the volume of transportation
Unevenness coefficients are not calculated in the course project.
1.2 Calculation of transportation plan indicators
The initial data for calculating the transportation plan indicators for a conditional road are the size of freight flows, which are given in Appendix 1. The diagram of a conditional railway is presented in Fig. 1.2.
Concept of cargo turnover
Methods for calculating cargo turnover
Section 1. Basic characteristics of cargo turnover.
Section 2. Methods for calculating cargo turnover.
Freight turnover is an economic indicator of transport performance (an indicator of the volume of cargo transportation), equal to the product of the mass of cargo transported over a certain time by the transportation distance.
Main characteristics of cargo turnover
Freight turnover is measured in ton-kilometers. For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo over an average distance of 150 km during the year, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 × 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.
To determine cargo turnover, the mass of transported cargo in tons (separately for each shipment) is multiplied by the transportation distance and the resulting products are summed up.
The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure labor productivity in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker); the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 km, since transportation costs depend on the distance and weight of the cargo.
To assess the activities of transport enterprises, the freight turnover indicator is not used, since society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transport costs; for these purposes, the indicator of transportation (dispatch) of goods in tons, transportation revenue, etc. is used.
The dissemination of best practices, including those of Belarusian railway workers, makes it possible to increase the volume useful work transport without increasing the number of employees.
To characterize the cargo turnover of a state, a certain territory, a certain direction, a river, etc. Both units of measurement are used. And to characterize the cargo turnover of any transport hub, station or other transport facility, only tonnage is used as a meter.
Freight turnover determines the level of development of relations, the development of trade, the degree of economic activity in a certain period, etc.
The unit of observation in freight transport statistics is dispatch, i.e. a consignment of cargo, the transportation of which is documented by the appropriate document (contract of carriage). Primary documents on different types transport have different names:
road manifest – for railway and river transport;
bill of lading and manifest - in maritime transport;
waybill and bill of lading – for road transport;
accompanying statement – for air transport.
Cargo transportation statistics have developed a system of indicators that provide the opportunity to comprehensively characterize the work of each enterprise and the country’s unified transport network. These indicators are divided into two groups:
volumetric (total);
quality.
Volume indicators of cargo transportation statistics include:
goods have been dispatched;
arrived (arrival) of goods;
transported (transportation) of goods;
transported in direct mixed traffic;
volume of transport work performed – cargo turnover.
Freight turnover represents the volume of work during the transportation of goods, calculated by summing the products of the mass of transported goods and the transportation distance in kilometers (miles). It is one of the main indicators when assessing the efficiency of a transport enterprise.
Qualitative indicators of cargo transportation statistics include:
average transportation distance of 1t of cargo;
average transportation density of 1t of cargo;
average duration transportation of 1t of cargo;
average speed of advancement of 1 ton of cargo.
Distribution of freight traffic between certain types transport depends on their characteristics and economic advantages. For example,
railway transport is used to transport large volumes of goods over long distances;
road transport - in cities and regions for short as well as longer distances when transporting valuable and perishable goods;
maritime transport - for the transport of bulk cargo in areas gravitating towards inland water and sea basins;
trunk pipelines serve to pump gas and crude oil from fields to refineries and to transport finished petroleum products from refineries to consumption areas and terminals;
Air transport is used to transport goods over very long distances.
Rail transport.
When navigation on rivers is stopped, railway transport successfully replaces water transport. A large volume of trade turnover with other countries is carried out by rail. It also ranks first among other mainline modes of transport.
Road transport.
Road transport is the most mobile of all modes of transport. It is capable of transporting cargo, both long and short. Disadvantages - high cost and labor intensity, high level pollution environment.
Pipeline transport.
The variety of pipeline transport, depending on the types of transported products, necessitates the use of grouping (classification). Trunk pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. The former are used to pump crude oil from fields to refineries. The second is for transporting finished petroleum products from factories to areas of consumption. Still others are for gas transportation. If a product pipeline is strictly specialized for transporting any one type of petroleum product, it is called accordingly: kerosene pipeline, gasoline pipeline, oil pipeline, fuel oil pipeline. The advantage of pipeline transport is that it has continuous transportation and does not depend on natural conditions. The big disadvantage is environmental pollution.
Marine transport.
Sea transport is capable of transporting any cargo, of any type and size. Unlike other modes of transport, sea transport transports mainly export (46%) and import (70%) cargo. Disadvantages: dependence on weather conditions, the need for expensive port facilities and the high share of costs for initial and final operations.
Inland waterways.
These include: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals suitable for navigation. On inland waterways, the movement of vessels is not allowed along the entire width, but only on routes that are prepared for navigation and which are marked with navigational signs.
Statistical accounting of cargo transportation on inland water transport is carried out by inland water transport enterprises: ports, shipping companies, ship companies, as well as enterprises from other sectors of the economy that carry out transportation work on a commercial basis.
Air transport.
By air, goods are transported over very long distances, but this type of transport is used for the transportation of cargo much less than others. As a rule, they transport the most expensive cargo: precious furs, expensive clothes, weapons, medicines, etc. The main difference between aviation and other modes of transport is its high ground speed and long non-stop flight range.
Methods for calculating cargo turnover
All calculations are entered into a statistical table called statistical grouping.
Statistical grouping - allows you to characterize the size, structure and relationship of the phenomena being studied, and identify their patterns.
Methods for calculation:
Dynamic series (absolute and relative indicators, chain and basic and average values);
Selective observation;
Indicators of variation (dispersion);
Graphic construction (graphics).
Absolute indicators are named numbers that have a certain dimension and units of measurement. They characterize indicators at a point in time or for a period. Depending on various reasons and the purposes of analysis, natural, conditionally natural, monetary and labor units of measurement are used.
Absolute growth is the difference between the research level of the series and the previous (or basic) level.
10. Freight turnover in%Sources
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