History of the development of printing. History of the development of printing On the importance of big scientific plans

The main task company is to promote modern developments of German companies around the world. The main theme of the symposium was Industry 4.0.

The welcoming speech that opened the event was made by General manager CEO PrintPromotion Dr. Markus Heering. He especially noted the importance latest technologies for the printing and printing industry, drawing the attention of those present to the fact that in recent years this industry has been deeply digitalized, and we're talking about not only about digital printing, but also about the digitization of the workflow as a whole at all its stages. The speaker also noted that reducing production stages and the ability to combine all steps will make it possible to achieve success in the industry in modern conditions. One way or another, during the event, each report touched on this aspect; company representatives shared their experience in solving the stated problems as part of their work.

The President of the International Printing Association of Russia Boris Kuzmin spoke about the situation in the modern printing market, who emphasized how important it is to get acquainted with the work of foreign colleagues, especially in conditions when the domestic printing industry is completely dependent on imports.

The report was also of particular importance from the point of view that in our country there is a complete absence of any statistical information about the state of printing and its place in the world. Russian economy.

Following the example of his American colleagues, who recently presented a document on the state of printing in the USA, B. Kuzmin proposed to consider the problems of the industry and its main trends from the point of view of the macroeconomic situation in the country. Forecasts for the development of the Russian economy in the coming years are quite positive: the budget is aimed at restoring positive GDP dynamics, reviving consumer demand, supporting investment, lending to small and medium-sized businesses, etc. At the same time, the speaker notes: “Modern printing production has not been among the priority projects for the development of the country’s economy for a long time, but due to its specifics it retains a certain significance in the economic space.”

The main trends were named: change in structure - division of the industry into publishing and printing; influence of macroeconomic processes; implementation digital technologies; replacement of printed materials; development of boutique printing aimed at a specific consumer and his service; packaging as one of the growing segments of the printing services market.

Printing in the Russian economy takes up about one percent and is estimated by MAP specialists at 8-9 billion US dollars, there are no exact statistics. In terms of structure, technical products for other industries dominate. The most crisis sector is newspaper production. A new and dynamically developing industry in the last 20 years is packaging. The President of MAP also noted that investments have always been the basis of printing, in this part, even during the crisis years, the industry remained competitive. It was especially noted that now Russian companies Mostly digital printing machines are purchased.

The President of the National Confederation of Packers, Alexander Boyko, gave a brief description of the packaging market, recalling that this market is developing, and domestic packaging production is growing at a high rate. He outlined two main trends - optimization of packaging costs in the food industry and an increase in the quality of packaging products due to high competition, which leads to the use of new printing and finishing processes. “These two trends can be combined using advanced digital technologies, which precisely characterizes the requirements of Industry 4.0 regarding packaging,” notes A. Boyko.

The first representative of the manufacturing companies was Sergei Slobodchikov, Heidelberg. At the beginning of his speech, he cited global figures for the printing industry: according to company estimates, the volume of production of printing products in the world is about 400 billion euros per year, equipment - approximately 2.5 billion for sheet offset and digital equipment, 1.3 billion for service services and 8 billion euros - consumables. There has been a major increase in packaging, which in turn is becoming more personal and interesting. The speaker emphasized how important automation is today and told what solutions the company offers to keep up with requirements modern market. For Heidelberg, digital transformation is the whole complex, which includes not only equipment, consumables and services, but also training and consulting. Using the example of one of the printing houses, S. Slobodchikov showed how a new digital business model can be implemented. Modern equipment this company has already been installed at some Russian enterprises.

Denis Yanichev (Siko - official representative of Kolbus) spoke about automatic solutions for premium packaging made of hard cardboard.

Kolbus offers a solution that is unique on the market, allowing the production of hardboard packaging in a fully automatic mode. We are talking here about a wide variety of packaging: folders and boxes with a magnetic lock, boxes with a rigid insert, cases with a retractable insert, a collection box with magnetic locks, etc. Packaging design is not limited in any way. D. Yanichev spoke in more detail about the technological processes from cardboard cutting to finishing, emphasizing the flexibility of the machines in terms of technology and setup, the economic efficiency of production, and the ability to work with both small and large runs. He noted that automatic production makes it possible to achieve assembly accuracy and high user characteristics. The speaker also drew the attention of those present to the environmental advantages of cardboard over polymer packaging.

Achim Kurek and Tatyana Klimova (technical director of OctoPrint) presented machines for the production of luxury products from the company H.C.MOOG. The speakers called their equipment an exotic product that really allows you to optimize many printing processes. Now the company is promoting its implementation on Russian market. All machines are assembled in Germany, and on the world market they have almost no competitors producing sheet-fed gravure printing machines for creating premium packaging.

T. Klimova especially noted the profitability of production in small and medium runs in the manufacture of luxury packaging: when using specialized materials on MOOG machines, the cost of the final product increases slightly - by 8-15%, while the price for buyers increases three times.

The speakers presented interesting research from the Gravure Printing Association on how the gravure printing market varies by region.

For example, in Japan packaging is a whole art, Asia loves silver, gold, pearlescent varnishes, etc., both of these countries are famous for their scrupulous approach to packaging. This is why the gravure printing segment is strong here. In Northern and South America there is much less of it, since packaging is produced more massively, however, as company representatives noted, in lately and here you can see the revival. As for Europe, the market here is divided equally - 50% each for gravure and flexo printing.

Jean-Philippe Fournier, IST METZ, spoke about the advantages of offset ultraviolet printing. He included high printing speed, the ability to immediately begin post-printing processing, and the ability to print on non-absorbent surfaces as such advantages. Having described technological processes, J.-F. Fournier dwelled in more detail on the economic aspect of the issue. As a rule, in the transition from traditional printing to UV technologies, company managers are afraid of the high cost consumables. The speaker provided a table of calculations: despite the fact that inks for UV printing on average cost 200% more than regular ones, in practice additional costs in the case of conventional printing, the lower consumption of UV inks (by 25%) completely eliminates the issue of cost differences.

“Having UV technology in production will increase the competitiveness of any company, as it will meet all the requirements of the modern market,” says Fournier. The speaker outlined an important factor - from the point of view of environmental impact, UV technologies are more harmless: there are no solvents in the paints, and no powder is used in the printing process.

Representatives of the Leonard Kurz company Rolf Schmidtke and Elena Lisichenko not only told, but also clearly showed what can be achieved in the field of packaging and label printing using modern technologies, namely applying foil in a digital process, how to achieve a 3D effect using printing.

Martin Hempel, Thomas Kunst (Kama company) presented a report on equipment for punching and gluing.

The presentation “From Industry 4.0 to Finishing 4.0” was presented by Muller Martini. Gleb Samoilov, Sales Director of Muller Martini RU, spoke about the new automation system “Finishing 4.0”, as well as the company’s new equipment - Muller Martini Alegro, Diamant, Ventura, software Connex.

The symposium featured the most different companies, each of which offers a number of its own solutions for printers, allowing them to cope with the most complex technical tasks, while it is obvious that all participants in the printing market are moving in approximately the same direction, and the vector is set by Industry 4.0.

In Russia January 13 note Russian Press Day, because it was on this day, by decree of Peter the Great in Russia in 1703, that the first issue of Vedomosti was published - the first Russian newspaper. This very first issue was called “Report on military and other affairs worthy of knowledge and memory that happened in the Moscow State and in other surrounding countries.” The newspaper was published not only in Moscow, but also in St. Petersburg, while practically without changing its permanent name, which always contained the word “Vedomosti” - “Russian Vedomosti”, “Vedomosti”, “Moskovskie Vedomosti”.

By the highest order of Peter I, from January 1, 1870, postal institutions were allowed to accept subscriptions to periodicals, not only Russian, but also foreign. This was the first such order in Russia allowing subscription to periodicals. And already in 1914, Russians could familiarize themselves with more than three thousand periodicals. Even then there were more than 200 major socio-political newspapers published daily.

And in 1719, the first Russian reporter appeared, who became Yakov Sinyavich. The reporter became an editorial employee in order to compile materials that would cover events in Russia, since it became insufficient to draw information from reports of officials and excerpts from foreign newspapers. People had to be interested, and the work of the press had to be raised to a qualitatively new level. In 1728, the Academy of Sciences began publishing the newspaper, changing its name; now the circulation of St. Petersburg Gazette was 4 thousand copies.

After 1917, the date of the celebration of Russian Press Day was moved to May 5, since it was on May 5 that the first and most important Soviet newspaper, Pravda, was published, and the holiday itself was renamed and called Soviet Press Day. And only on December 28, 1991, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation issued Resolution No. 3043-1 “On Russian Press Day,” which stated the return of the date to the historically correct one and the celebration of Russian Press Day returned to January 13. It is interesting that in 1830, it was on January 13 that the Literary Newspaper was published.

The largest number of newspaper titles are published in our country, followed by the number of copies are magazines, followed by other types of periodicals.

Journalism today

Today in Russia the number of journalists who work in media mass media more than 150 thousand people. This huge army of pen workers operates in every region Russian Federation, and is important for readers, regardless of which publication the journalist works for. It is interesting that when analyzing the press market in our country, it is revealed that it is in the regions that residents pay close attention to regional or city newspapers and the journalists working in them. Therefore, almost every journalist of a periodical publication has both his connoisseurs and those who do not agree with his position. Such resonance of public opinion is natural in a society where thoughts are freely expressed and the periodical press covers many problems and conflicts.

Over the 300 years of existence of the periodical press sphere in our country, it, together with people, has experienced difficult periods, accompanied by ups and downs, periods of prosperity and calm. However, at all times the journalistic community looked decent and had its readership.

The future of Russian journalism is impossible without the active and high-quality use of information technologies. In our country in 2009 there were more than 50 million Internet users, and this figure is growing every year. The current trend dictates the need to consolidate journalism in the virtual environment, especially since virtual information in Russia is becoming increasingly in demand. But here domestic journalism faces new problem– the problem of journalistic ethics.

Today, printed publications are full of a rich variety of information for every taste. And journalists never cease to amaze with new ways of presenting and presenting information.

Modern traditions of celebrating Russian Press Day

On January 13, on the day of their professional holiday, the most talented representatives of the domestic media are traditionally honored as laureates of annual awards. On this day, the Government of the Russian Federation annually awards awards in the field of print media, as well as the presentation of grants aimed at supporting the most significant projects of young and creative journalists. The government prize has been awarded since 1997.

In Russia in 2009, approximately 47 thousand newspapers and magazines were registered, half of which are published regularly. In the same year, the number of new projects in publishing houses and on television channels doubled.

Crisis in the market of printed products

In 2009, printers and publishers faced a serious decline in demand for printed products. In 2009, according to Rosstat, brochures and books were printed by 24.1% less than in 2008, newspaper output decreased by 20.1%, and the number of magazines produced decreased by 29.3%.

Today, the market for printed products in our country is recovering from the crisis, after the production of newspapers, magazines and books decreased by almost a quarter in 2009; according to Rosstat, an increase in circulation was recorded in the first half of this year. Printing houses increased the production of brochures and books, and the production of magazines increased by 10%, while the number of newspapers increased by only 0.1%.

According to the same department, in June 2010 alone, 571 million sheets of brochures and books were issued, 1.2 billion copies of newspapers (conventionally in 4-page A2 format), as well as 346 million sheets of magazines .

It is impossible to overestimate the influence of the media on the formation civil society in our country. And this process directly depends on the integrity, clear citizenship and high-quality work of journalists, whose work requires not only professional skill, but also great patience and dedication. It is also important that the main characteristics of Russian journalists at all times include such a valuable quality as responsibility, thanks to which we have reliable and timely information.

Romanchukevich Tatyana
website for women's magazine

When using or reprinting material, an active link to the women's online magazine is required

On the development of the bioprinting industry

The main achievement of bioprinting in recent years is the emergence of an industry around this technology. When the 3D Bioprinting Solutions project was conceived in 2011, the idea of ​​bioprinting had already existed for a long time, but there was no market around it. Now this is a large industry, each of its components has its own value. There are four main areas of development in bioprinting.

Bioprinting makes it possible to test medicines- check their toxicity. It is for this reason that many companies once began to actively develop it.

How cells react in reality can be very different from how they behave under a microscope. This caused the cancellation of the launch of many drugs at the most late stages tests. They started testing the medicine on people, and suddenly it turned out that it was toxic. This is how the idea of ​​printing fabrics for drug testing was born.

Bioprinting is used mainly in transplantology, when medicinal purposes diseased or missing tissue is replaced with new one. The complexity of the tasks and successes in this direction greatly depend on what kind of fabric needs to be printed. For example, we can print skin now - we make a substrate, apply cryoblast to it and get skin. You can cover a large burn quite simply. So far, the experience of using bioprinting in transplantology is quite small - it requires a certain set of competencies, the ability to cultivate cells, but the industry is moving in this direction.

But experiments related to printing more complex tissues - vessel-like formations, tubular structures - have not yet been so successful. This is much more difficult, and bioprinting technology is not yet so developed. With glandular organs or the kidney, which is the final goal of our company, it is even more difficult, because their structure is very specific. But at the same time, for example, using the technology of the Swiss company Codon, more than 12 thousand operations were performed in which cartilage defects were filled with the help of special printed cartilage balls.

Theoretically, in the future we will be able to create meat without any animals being harmed. This is the third direction of bioprinting - 3D printing in the food industry. For example, beefsteak has already been printed. Expensive and not very tasty, but the fact itself is important.

There is an absolutely wonderful case where living cells were used to create tissue, which change their conformation depending on temperature. For athletes, they make suits in which, when a certain temperature is reached, the slits open and allow the body to breathe, and when the temperature drops, they close. This is another promising area of ​​bioprinting - the textile industry.

About how a printed organ will differ from a native one

We at 3D Bioprinting Solutions are interested in working in the field of transplantology. If we talk about printing living tissues, we are now working on creating not organs, but their constructs - tissue structures that perform a specific function. The difference between the mouse thyroid gland construct that we printed and a full-fledged organ is that it only performs main function- releases hormones. Also, in general, the location and shape of the organ is not important to us.

The point of bioprinting is to create efficient organs, and sometimes this does not necessarily mean exactly reproducing all the functions of the tissue. Now it is more important to develop technology. It is clear that it is better to reproduce everything exactly, but this is difficult, expensive and requires a lot of time for research. A printed organ will never be 100% identical to the original. Most likely, a person will somehow feel the kidney replacement, but it is impossible to say exactly how this will manifest itself.

If you need to reproduce exactly the shape of an organ, then medical printing is used very successfully for this. These are two different industries. The difference is that with the help of medical printing objects are created from artificial material; there are no living processes in them. This type of 3D printing is widely used to print vertebrae or teeth, and titanium bone will in some ways be even better than natural bone.

About when they will start printing organs and how much they will cost

There is some probability that bioprinting will run into some insoluble problem and we will not be able to print complex human organs. But, as we see the development of technology today, we will definitely be able to print a kidney, the only question is when. Initially, we expected to do this in 30 years, so a little more than 20 remain. That is, by the mid-30s, a printed kidney should appear on the market.

When we started, there were only a few such laboratories in the world, but now there are hundreds. Thousands of articles have been written, and perhaps some discovery will significantly speed up the development of bioprinting. When many companies compete with each other, it greatly speeds up the process.

To use something on a person, we must gain a lot of experience. We can't risk causing harm. Every day I receive several emails asking me to print thyroid gland for a person. People read scientific articles and do not understand what is between scientific achievement and it takes a lot of time to introduce this into clinical practice. First we must understand how the technology works and what the results depend on, and only then can we begin to check how safe it is for humans. And simpler technologies are tested faster, while complex ones take longer.

The use of any technology is initially elitist: there are few people who know how to work with it, the number of offers is limited. But, as a rule, over a short period of time the technology spreads, becomes cheaper and becomes much more accessible.

Transplantology will always be one-of-a-kind, it’s not something that can be put on stream, but gradually bioprinting will make it quite accessible to everyone. A good analogous example from medicine is whole-genome sequencing (analysis of all DNA sequences, that is, the entire genome - “High-Tech”). The whole world donated money for the first analysis of the human genome (research results were published in 2001, the cost of the program was approximately $3 billion - Hi-Tech), and now anyone can do it for $300.

How bioprinting will change medicine

The development of bioprinting will change a lot in medicine. For example, now there is a large hemodialysis industry (a method of extrarenal blood purification for acute and chronic renal failure - note "High-Tech"). Despite the fact that it saves people’s lives, it is a very expensive procedure for the state and an inconvenient lifelong procedure for the individual. Several times a week, the patient must travel somewhere to clean the blood or carry a special suitcase with him. The ability to print organs, in this case kidneys, will eliminate this expensive and now important part of the medical infrastructure.

Transplantation will change radically. Now this area of ​​medicine is focused on finding a donor. And if it becomes a person himself and organs are printed based on his own cells, then this will revolutionize the industry and solve a lot of ethical problems.

The ability to replace old organs with new ones will change how and what people will get sick with. Why are so many people dying from cardiovascular diseases and cancer now? The point is not that the treatment is poor or that something has deteriorated sharply in the environment. People just started living longer. Previously, people died at the age of 30–40 and the problem of Alzheimer's disease worried very few people. New opportunities in transplantology will radically change the entire structure of morbidity.

About the most ambitious tasks in bioprinting today

Bioprinting methods are evolving. From additive printing (layer-by-layer), we are moving to formative printing, which is more like creating a snowball. When printing individual cells, it is more difficult to achieve the high density required for printing living tissue.

Cells are quite a social substance, they communicate with each other, and for this the distance between them must be small. For different types cells it ranges from 25 to 50 microns. If the distance is greater, then the cells do not have a signaling system that would allow them to communicate, and then the team does not form, the tissue dies. Therefore, we first sculpt a small and fairly dense ball, which consists of several thousand cells. It already has the makings of living tissue and, in fact, is a “brick” in bioprinting, only round. Then we carefully lay these “bricks” using hydrogels and we get living tissue.

In order to successfully apply the formative printing method, we are learning to use magnetic and acoustic printing technologies. Their principle is as follows: under the influence of certain forces, cells are given a kind of trajectory and they are compressed into the cellular structures described above. This allows not only to lay cells with a certain density, but also to form tissue many times faster than with layer-by-layer printing. Mastering this method should allow us to print much more complex organ structures.

It is impossible to say exactly what opportunities these technologies will open up; we are still talking about scientific experiments. But we believe that this will allow us to get significantly closer to the result that we have planned - printing a functional human kidney. I would say that the development of these technologies is one of the most ambitious goals for bioprinting today.

On the creation of a factory for printing organs in space

To make it easier to collect cells into tissue, we want to try doing this in zero gravity. When experimenting with magnetic and acoustic printing technologies, we are a little hampered by gravity. Therefore, in the fourth quarter of 2018, we plan to send a magnetic bioprinter to the ISS and continue experiments there. This is our joint project with Roscosmos.

A similar experiment can be carried out on Earth - creating conditions of weightlessness artificially using a supermagnet, but this is very expensive. We received a special grant for such an experiment, but despite the fact that the amount is quite large, it is only enough for 40 hours of equipment operation. To keep cells in a state of weightlessness, a lot of electricity is spent. In orbit, such conditions can be obtained for free. You just need to fly, and we get weightlessness as a gift.

If we learn how to make viable tissue in this way, then this may be sufficient reason to create a factory for printing organs in space. For example, this could be a department on the ISS that would print organs and, conditionally, send them to Earth in containers.

In this experiment, we depend on a cycle where astronauts fly to the ISS and return back. So it will only last a few weeks. Then the results of the experiment will be brought to Earth, we will study them and will be able to say what happened. But for the line of experiments this is just the beginning - the bioprinter will remain standard equipment on the ISS and in the future not only we, but also other scientists and companies will be able to work with it.

On the importance of big scientific plans

Our initial goal for our project was to print a functional and viable kidney. When we conceived this project, we understood that this would be a 30-year journey. But the project cannot live without achievements for that long - it is psychologically difficult, people will not be able to stand it and will run away. Therefore, you need to move in small steps from one scientific success to another and use the results that you have already obtained. But it’s important not to get distracted too much by spin-offs and not lose sight of your main goal.

We have several examples of how we use intermediate results from our research. For example, we are currently working on printing hair for transplantation. We take one cell from a person and make a whole natural hair from it. And you can already print it - the difficulty lies in how it will grow. With a 50% probability - not outward, but inward. This is wildly unpleasant. And we learn to direct its growth in the right direction so that it can be combed. This is quite a difficult problem.

It is important to engage in projects with a long planning horizon; they ultimately change some fundamental things, the structure of the entire industry. And even if you don’t win the race in the end, you will still acquire enough competencies to be more successful in regular business than colleagues whose planning horizon was shorter. This is largely why corporations are involved in such long-term projects. The point here is not only about the desire to make humanity happy; the goals are much more complex.

Creating programs with a planning horizon of 20–30 years in the field of biotechnology and maintaining their further implementation is very important for Russia. In my opinion, the inability to do this is one of the main problems in the development of biotechnology in our country. This leads to priorities being determined chaotically. When a government makes plans for technology development for a maximum of five to ten years, it is often impossible to understand what is really important and what is not.

Officially, Printing Day in Russia began to be celebrated in 1993. The President of the Russian Federation signed a decree establishing January 13 as press day in 1992. Until this day, this holiday was celebrated on May 5th. It’s not for nothing that printing is celebrated on January 13th. This date has its own history.
Printing dates its history back to 1703, when on January 13 he signed a decree announcing the beginning of publication of the first newspaper Vedomosti. But the publication of the newspaper did not immediately become regular. The title of the first issue was very long and difficult to remember. This newspaper was not published continuously and did not have an official name. It was printed alternately in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The content of the newspaper also left much to be desired. It published excerpts from foreign publications, as well as decrees of the Tsar and the Duma.
But, nevertheless, the beginning of the printing business in Russia was made. Over time, the newspaper developed, and already in 1719 it had its own journalist and translator, Yakov Sinyavich. This fact significantly changed the appearance of the newspaper. It contained many articles about what was happening in the capital and in Russia in general. They also began to publish interesting facts and solve numerous issues.
Beginning in 1728, the newspaper received its name “St. Petersburg Gazette”. Its circulation was about 4 thousand copies. From that time on, printing began to develop everywhere. In 1813, a newspaper was published in Astrakhan, and in 1870 periodicals began to be published.

Since then, the profession of journalist has become more in demand. Therefore, Press Day in Russia is celebrated everywhere. Everyone is in a hurry to congratulate their loved ones and acquaintances on their professional holiday. The president of the country recognizes the merits of journalists and awards grants and prizes to those who have particularly distinguished themselves in the professional field.
Colleagues at work also do not ignore this holiday. The management recognizes the most worthy and arranges concerts and organizes a holiday, developing a special scenario for it. Press Day is celebrated throughout Russia.
The profession of a journalist is very important for the entire life of the country. Covering all events political, spiritual and social life states, they do not ignore even the most insignificant news. It is thanks to them that we learn about everything that is happening in the world and the country. We find ourselves in the thick of things and can fully participate in all events.
When celebrating Press Day in Russia, we always remember those who gave their lives covering what was happening in dangerous areas, and the profession of a journalist is always a certain risk. They show the truthful side of current events, and not everyone likes this way of asking the question. But this is the meaning of the work of people in this profession.
The independence of journalism and all print media is the main condition for objective coverage of everything that happens in the world. The president of our country always mentions this when congratulating on the day of printing in Russia. Only then will we be able to receive truthful and reliable information about all events. And only in this case the profession of a journalist makes sense.
There are many talented journalists and reporters in our country who can raise global issues concerning the life of our state. Thanks to them, many problems are solved and do not remain closed. They help people achieve justice when they are faced with arbitrariness and indifference. Printed publications carry out numerous campaigns to help sick children and disabled people. Thanks to them, many of them found a second life.
The role of print media in our lives is enormous. Each of us necessarily looks through some newspapers and magazines. Therefore we can say that this is general holiday. A holiday of independence and objectivity.

On February 8, our country celebrates Russian Science Day. Why is the development of science important for Russia? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Science develops thanks to new discoveries. Science is a lot of knowledge. All scientific achievements serve the benefit of society. Man is constantly evolving, he requires more and more new technologies and devices for comfortable life. Therefore, scientific progress should not stand still. Science must have a kind of foresight. That is, it should be one step or several steps ahead of the development of society's needs.

2
Why is it important for a person to be hardworking? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Hard work brings a person the respect of others and joy from the results of his work. Hard work makes it possible to get a job you like. It is very important for a person to have willpower; it helps him to be hardworking. Such a person will be able to achieve everything he wants in life. A hardworking person always manages to do everything and everything works out for him.

A hardworking person is not dependent on circumstances. He is always ready to work with full dedication, no matter what the job is. A hardworking person is a person of quality whom you can always rely on, knowing that he will not let you down. The boss will always be pleased with such a person. Such a person will be able to achieve everything he wants in life.

3
One of the responsibilities of citizens is to protect nature. Why do you think the fulfillment of this duty by every person is necessary for society and the state? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
The environment is air, water, forests, soils - everything that surrounds us. Nowadays, humanity throws untreated water into rivers and lakes, which kills plants, fish, and aquatic animals. But we breathe dirty air, drink polluted water. All this affects our health, people’s life expectancy is shortened, and sick children are born. We all need to think about our lives and the continuation of the human race on Earth, and for this we need to love what surrounds us and take care of the safety and purity of waters, rivers, lakes, soils, air, for our own good.

4
It’s good when a family takes care of their home and decorates it. Why do you think this is good? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
The house should always be beautiful and cozy. You should keep it clean and beautiful, then all family members will feel comfortable in it.

5
Why do you think for modern man it is important to respect traditions different nations? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
All nations have their own customs and traditions. People must respect each other's cultural values ​​in order to live in peace and harmony. We are all different peoples, but we all have the right to our own culture and history. Only with mutual respect will humanity be able to live in a world without war.

6
What kind of person is called brave? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
A person who is ready, despite danger, to help another person can be called brave. There are a huge number of brave actions: protecting the weak, helping a person get out of a fire trap during a fire, helping a person who has fallen through the ice, etc. There were so many cases that were written about in the newspapers when schoolchildren performed such brave deeds. A brave person always acts decisively, courageously, almost without thinking. And a brave person is one who knows how to overcome his fears.

7
People spend a lot of time watching television programs. Why do you think? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Watching TV relaxes people. It helps you keep abreast of events, find out current news in the country and in the world. Interesting films are sometimes shown on TV.

8
Every year on January 27, our country celebrates one of the days of military glory - the Day of Lifting the Siege of Leningrad. On this day in 1944, during the Great Patriotic War, Soviet troops completely lifted the fascist blockade of the city on the Neva, which lasted 900 days. Think and write about the importance of this event and why it is still memorable for us. (The answer is up to five sentences.)
Explanation.
During the Great Patriotic War, a huge number of people died. Our compatriots, Leningraders, accomplished a feat. In the most difficult conditions they defended their city from the Nazis. The city survived, the blockade was lifted. We must remember this feat so that humanity does not repeat the mistakes of the past.

9
Every year since 1960, World Meteorological Day is celebrated around the world on March 23. On this day in 1950, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) was created. Think and write what significance the study of weather has for people's lives. (The answer is up to five sentences.)
Explanation.
Correct meteorological predictions are necessary for humanity. Pilots, sailors, repair services, as well as all those people who work outdoors need to know the exact weather. For example, the safety of passengers depends on the weather. Builders also need to know the exact weather conditions in order to understand whether it is possible to build a road or repair a building that day.
10
Every year on April 18, some countries of the world, including Russia, celebrate the International Day for the Preservation of Monuments and Historical Places. This day was established in 1983 at the initiative of UNESCO. Think and write why it is important for humanity to protect and preserve cultural heritage. (The answer is up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Historical monuments and sites are the most important assets of society. They preserve the history and traditions of humanity. People must cherish their culture to remember their past and develop the future.

11
Every year on the second Sunday of July, Russian Post Day is celebrated in our country. This holiday was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in 1994. Think and write about the importance of mail for a person and for society. (The answer is up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Postal service is a service that delivers letters and parcels to different corners country and world. With the help of letters, people share various news and also send each other gifts. Mail brings together friends and relatives who live far apart.

12
Every year on December 12, our country celebrates the Constitution Day of the Russian Federation. On this day in 1993, the current Constitution was adopted - the Basic Law of our state. Think and write what significance the Constitution has for Russians. (The answer is up to five sentences).
Explanation.
The holiday dedicated to Constitution Day is the personification of the triumph of law in the country, and the Constitution itself unites all people into one people.

Note. There may be other answers.
13
Every year on January 11, our country celebrates the Day of Nature Reserves and National Parks. On this day in 1916, the first state reserve was formed in Russia - Barguzinsky. Think and write why nature reserves are important and national parks. (The answer is up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Nature reserves and national parks are created to protect rare species of plants and animals. It is very important to create such parks so that pure nature is preserved on their territory, and scientists can study unique animals and plants.
14
Every year on September 1, our country celebrates Knowledge Day. This day was officially approved in 1984. Think and write what significance knowledge has for a person. (The answer is up to five sentences.)
Explanation.
Knowledge is the most important part of human culture. The ability to think and analyze distinguishes us from animals. With the help of knowledge and science, humanity is developing modern technologies that make our lives more comfortable.

Note. There may be other answers.
15
Every year since 1962, every second Sunday in September is celebrated as the International Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Fascism. Think and write why this day is revered in Russia and many countries around the world. (The answer is up to five sentences).
Explanation.
The Second World War ended in 1945 world war. Millions of people died at the hands of the Nazis in many countries of the world. Our country, together with the allied states, accomplished a feat and liberated Europe from the fascist regime. This day is revered in Russia and other countries, since it is very important for people to remember the sad lessons of history.

Note. There may be other answers.
16
Every year on June 5, one of the most important environmental holidays is celebrated all over the world - World Environment Day. This day was established in 1972 by the UN General Assembly. Think and write what it means environment for humans and why it needs to be protected. (The answer is up to five sentences.)
Explanation.
The environment is everything that surrounds us; she gives us air, food, water. If humanity throws untreated water into rivers and lakes, plants, fish, and aquatic animals die, and we drink polluted water. All this affects our health, people’s life expectancy is shortened, and sick children are born. We all need to think about our lives and the continuation of the human race on Earth, and for this we need to love what surrounds us and take care of the safety and purity of waters, rivers, lakes, soils, air, for our own good.

Note. There may be other answers.
17
Every year on January 13, our country celebrates Russian Press Day. On this day in 1703, the first issue of a Russian-language newspaper, founded by decree of Peter I, was published. Think and write why print media are important for society in our age of high technology. (The answer is up to five sentences).
Explanation.
The media is still important to our society because it is our history, it reminds us of many events. Older people do not use the Internet, but, for example, newspapers. A printed newspaper can be read, for example, on a train where there is no connection. Newspapers are delivered to the most distant regions of our Motherland, where there is no other information. Newspapers not only provide information but also entertain people.

18
What kind of person is called kind? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
A kind person does not harm people or animals; he tries to take care of those around him. He is ready to help friends and relatives.

19
In many countries, Constitution Day is a national holiday. What is a constitution? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
The Constitution is the fundamental law of the country. He is supreme for all citizens of the state, making his people united. All other laws of the country must be subject to the Constitution, because it determines the main guidelines of the country's policy.

Note. There may be other answers.
20
The President of Russia is elected by popular vote. Why is it important that all citizens with the right to vote take part in the election of the head of state? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Every citizen of Russia who has reached the age of 18 has the right to vote. People living in the state must be responsible in their choice of government. It depends on who becomes president later life every citizen of the country and his children.

21
What kind of person is called inquisitive? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
A curious person is a person who is interested in the world around us. He likes to discover something new around him and gain new knowledge about it.

Note. There may be other answers.
22
It is known that smoking is harmful. Explain why. (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Smoking is harmful to the human body. The smoke and tar of cigarettes pollute the lungs, and the person begins to cough heavily. Teeth become yellow. In addition, smoking can lead to very serious illnesses. respiratory tract and lungs.

23
What kind of person is called cowardly? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
A cowardly person is afraid of everything. He may be afraid to talk to people or go anywhere. A cowardly person may be afraid to come to the aid of a friend when he really needs it.

24
Explain the meaning of the word "Motherland". Why do you love your Motherland? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Homeland is the place where you were born and raised. You can call it homeland hometown or the village where you spent your childhood. You can call the country where you live your homeland. Our country is rich in great achievements in science and literature, and there are also many heroic military pages in its history.

25
On May 9, our country celebrates a wonderful holiday. What event is it associated with? What do you know about him? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
May 9 is Victory Day Soviet people over fascism. Great Patriotic War- this is a heroic page in the history of our state. We are proud of the feat of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers and will always remember this great holiday.

26
What kind of person is called picky? (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
The man who presents too high demands to surrounding people and objects. He is often dissatisfied and capricious.
27
Every year on January 13, Russian Press Day is celebrated. Think and write how it turned out important development press in our country. (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
With the help of printing, it became possible to quickly produce large circulations of newspapers and books. Every day new issues of newspapers are published in our country, thanks to which people can quickly learn about news in the country and the world.
28
International Women's Day is celebrated annually on March 8th. Think and write why this holiday is considered so important for women around the world. (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
International Women's Day is celebrated on March 8th. On this holiday, men congratulate their mothers, wives and daughters. It is very important to respect and honor women, because they take care of children, inspire men, maintain comfort in the home, and also decorate the world with their beauty.
29
Every year on April 12, our country celebrates Cosmonautics Day. Think and write why space flights are so important for humans. (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Thanks to space exploration, humanity is exploring new planets and stars. When a person flies into space, it becomes possible to obtain new knowledge that was not available from Earth. People must continue to fly into outer space, accumulating new knowledge about the structure of our world.
30
Every third Sunday in June our country celebrates Medical Worker Day. Think and write why this holiday can be significant for society. (Write your answer in up to five sentences).
Explanation.
Doctors and other healthcare workers save thousands of lives every day around the world. They help other people, sacrificing their interests and sometimes their health. Doctor is the noblest profession, so we must respect and appreciate their hard work for the good of society.