Advantages and disadvantages of the operating system. Advantages and disadvantages of the Windows operating system
"Windows operating systems"
Content
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… ... 3
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of OS and History of Creation ……………………… ......... 5
1.1 Operating system ………………………………………………… 5
1.2 History of Windows ……………………………………………………… .9
Chapter 2 Features of Windows XP …………………………………………… ... 12
2.1 Advantages and disadvantages operating system………………..12
2.2 Networking capabilities. ……………………………………………… .17
Chapter 3 Features of Windows Vista ………………………………………… ... 23
3.1 Innovations …………. ……………………………………………… .23
3.2 Advantages of Windows Vista over Windows XP ………………… ..29 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… .32 References… …………………………………………………………… 34
Introduction.
The relevance of this topic is that Microsoft's Windows operating system is currently considered the most common system on a PC. It is obvious that acquaintance with a PC must begin with an acquaintance with Windows, because without it, working on a PC is unthinkable for most users. When the computer is turned on, the operating system is loaded into memory before other programs and then serves as a platform and environment for their operation. It is impossible to imagine working with a computer without an operating system. Knowledge of the operating system is essential for the successful use of modern computers.
The history of the development of information technology is characterized by a rapid change in conceptual concepts, technical means, methods and areas of their application. In modern realities, the ability to use industrial information technologies has become very relevant for most people. The penetration of computers into all spheres of social life convinces that the culture of communication with a computer is becoming a common culture of a person.
The object of the research is the consideration of operating systems.
The subject of the research is the study of the main features of the operating systems Windows XP and Windows Vista.
The purpose of the work is to investigate the concept of the Windows operating system.
This goal stipulates the following tasks:
Consideration of the basic concept of the operating system and the history of its creation.
Exploring the features of Windows XP, its strengths, weaknesses, and networking capabilities.
Investigation of the features of Windows Vista, its advantages over Windows XP.
In the process of preparing the course work, the works of domestic and foreign researchers, professors, programmers such as M.Yu. Sviridova, A.V. Gordeev, T.V. Bolshakov were used.
Chapter 1 Basic Concept of OS and History of Creation.
Operating system.
The system boots when the computer is turned on. It carries out a dialogue with the user, manages the computer, its resources (RAM, disk space, etc.), launches other (application) programs for execution. The operating system provides the user and application programs with a convenient way to communicate (interface) with computer devices.
The main reason for the need for an operating system is that elementary operations for working with computer devices and managing computer resources are very low-level operations, so the actions that are required by the user and application programs consist of several hundred or thousands of such elementary operations.
For example, a magnetic disk drive “understands” only such elementary operations as turning on / off the drive motor, installing reading heads on a specific cylinder, selecting a specific reading head, reading information from a disk track into a computer, etc. And even to perform such a simple action as copying a file from one floppy disk to another (a file is a named set of information on a disk or other machine medium), it is necessary to perform thousands of operations to run drive commands, check their execution, search and process information in tables placing files on disks, etc. The task is further complicated by the following:
there are about a dozen floppy disk formats, and the operating system should be able to handle all of these formats. For a user, work with floppy disks of various formats should be carried out in exactly the same way;
a file on floppy disks occupies certain areas, and the user does not need to know what exactly. All functions for maintaining file allocation tables, searching for information in them, allocating space for files on diskettes are performed by the operating system, and the user may not know anything about them;
while the copying program is running, several dozen different special situations can occur, for example, a failure in reading or writing information, unavailability of drives for reading or writing, lack of space on a floppy disk for a copied file, etc. For all these situations, appropriate messages and corrective actions should be provided.
The operating system hides these complex and unnecessary details from the user and provides him with a convenient interface to work with. It also performs various auxiliary actions, such as copying or printing files. The operating system loads all programs into the RAM, transfers control to them at the beginning of their work, performs various actions at the request of the programs being executed, and releases the RAM occupied by the programs when they finish.
There are several types of operating systems: DOS, Windows, UNIX, Macintosh OS, Linux. Other modern operating systems, such as Linux, UNIX, OS / 2, have their own advantages and disadvantages. Linux provides more advanced security than Windows and has a more sophisticated interface; UNIX is used wherever high system reliability is required. The big disadvantage of OS / 2 and UNIX is the rather meager selection of software tools, and here Windows outperforms other operating systems. The most common operating system is Windows. There are several versions of Windows: Windows -3.1, Windows -95, Windows -98, Windows -2000, Windows NT. All of them are close to each other in content, therefore, in the future, we will consider the DOS and Windows -9x operating systems.
MS - DOS- one of the first operating systems and one of the most famous. The peak of the popularity of this operating system falls on the 90s, now this operating system is rarely used. The most popular in the world at the moment are operating systems from Microsoft. Their share is about 90% among all operating systems. The most robust systems of this company are based on NT technology.
The DOS operating system consists of the following parts:
The basic input-output system (BIOS) residing in the read-only memory (read-only memory, ROM) of the computer. This part of the operating system is built into the computer. Its purpose is to perform the most simple and universal services of the operating system related to the implementation of I / O. The basic I / O system also contains a computer function test that checks the operation of the computer's memory and devices when the computer is powered on. In addition, the underlying I / O system contains a program to invoke the operating system loader.
The operating system loader is a very short program found in the first sector of every DOS diskette. The function of this program is to read two more operating system modules into memory, which complete the DOS boot process.
The DOS shell processes commands entered by the user. The command processor is in the disk file! COMMAND.COM on the disk from which the operating system is loaded. Some user commands, such as Type, Dir, or Cop), are executed by the shell itself. Such commands are called internal commands. To execute other (external) user commands, the command processor searches the disks for a program with the corresponding name and, if it finds it, loads it into memory and transfers control to it. When the program finishes, the command processor removes the program from memory and displays a message that it is ready to execute commands (DOS prompt).
External DOS commands are programs that come with the operating system as separate files. These programs perform maintenance activities, such as formatting floppies, checking disks, etc. Device drivers are special programs that complement the DOS I / O system and provide service to new or non-standard uses of existing ones.
Window -9 x evolved from a graphical DOS add-on to a full-fledged operating system. At least that's what its developers said. In fact, things were more complicated: Windows 95 continued to use good old DOS as the basis. Slightly modernized, of course, and not declared as a separate product. However, most consumers were satisfied with this option. After all, they still had the opportunity to work in the usual DOS mode without loading the Windows graphical shell - and, therefore, not to part with the familiar DOS programs.
Also the operating system Window -9 x became 32-bit. All previous versions of DOS and Windows were 16-bit and, therefore, could not take full advantage of the capabilities of even the 386 family of processors, and even more so - of the new Pentium processors. Of course, there were some inconveniences in this advantage - especially for Windows, users had to replace all their Windows programs with new, 32-bit versions. In practice, however, the transition turned out to be relatively easy - within a year, new versions of all popular software products were released. But the old 16-bit versions could work with the new OS without any problems.
1.2 History of Windows.
The history of Windows dates back to 1986, when the first version of the system appeared. It was a set of programs that extend the capabilities of existing operating systems for greater ease of use. A few years later, the second version was released, but the Windows system did not gain much popularity. However, in 1990 a new version was released - Windows 3.0, which began to be used on many personal computers. Popularity new version There are several reasons for Windows. The graphical interface allows you to work with objects on your computer not using commands, but with the help of visual and understandable actions on the icons denoting these objects. The ability to work with several programs at the same time has significantly increased the convenience and efficiency of work. In addition, the convenience and ease of writing programs for Windows has led to the emergence of an increasing variety of programs that run under Windows. Finally, work with a variety of computer equipment was better organized, which also determined the popularity of the system. Subsequent versions of Windows were aimed at improving reliability, as well as support for multimedia (version 3.1) and work in computer networks (version 3.11).
In parallel with the development of Windows, Microsoft began work in 1988 on a new operating system called Windows NT. The new system was tasked with significantly improving reliability and effectively supporting network operations. At the same time, the system interface should not differ from the Windows 3.0 interface. Interestingly, the third version is also the most widespread version of Windows NT. In 1992, Windows NT 3.0 was released, and in 1994, Windows NT 3.5.
The process of development of operating systems does not stand still, and in 1995 the Windows 95 system appeared, which became a new stage in the history of Windows. Compared to Windows 3.1, the interface has changed significantly, the speed of programs has increased. One of the new features in Windows 95 was the ability to automatically configure additional computer hardware to work without conflicts with each other. Another important feature of the system is the ability to work with the Internet without using additional programs.
The Windows 95 interface became the main one for the entire Windows family, and in 1996 a revised version of Windows NT 4.0 appeared, which has the same interface as Windows 95. The continuation of the development of Windows 95 was the operating system, which appeared in 1998. While maintaining the interface, the internal structure has been significantly redesigned. Much attention was paid to working with the Internet, as well as supporting modern information transfer protocols - standards that ensure the exchange of information between various devices. In addition, a feature of Windows 98 is the ability to work with multiple monitors.
The next stage in the development of Windows was the emergence of Windows 2000 and Windows Me (Millennium Edition - edition of the millennium). Windows 2000 was developed on the basis of Windows NT and inherited from it high reliability and information security from outside interference. The Windows Me operating system is the successor to Windows 98, but it has acquired many new features. First of all, this is improved work with multimedia tools, the ability to record not only audio, but also video information, powerful information recovery tools after failures, and much more. Gradually, the difference between different Windows systems fades, and the Windows XP operating system is intended to replace both Windows 2000 and Windows Me.
In 2007, after Windows XP, a new operating system appears. This time, Microsoft's operating system is Windows Vista. This system was created on the basis of Windows XP. Fixed flaws, improved design, a new three-dimensional interface Aero Glass appeared, which requires a video card with support for DirectX 9.0. Windows. Vista has become more demanding than Windows XP.
After a while, Windows Seven appears. Known to everyone as Windows7. This operating system was based on Windows Vista. There were processing in the structure. Fixed flaws, expanded network capabilities. In the new system, the developers have clearly paid a lot of attention to working with the Internet. Windows7 is also less vulnerable than earlier releases. Windows7 is the newest operating system to date. And most people use this system.
Chapter 2 Features of Windows XP.
2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the operating system.
The system has become more complex - but on the other hand, it crashes much less often, practically does not "hang" and almost does not display cryptic error messages. All this is provided by the following innovations:
New coreWindows . The Windows XP developers have removed the last remnants of MS-DOS-compatible code used in Windows 95/98 (and despite attempts to hide it, in Windows Me). Inside both versions of Windows XP is a robust and reliable kernel, first introduced in Windows 2000.With a fully protected memory model, an integrated security system, and a Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) that protects key system components from bad software, Windows XP has much less chance of failure in the course of day-to-day work. And if a failure does occur, you can use a set of recovery utilities that are much more powerful than the applications available in previous versions of Windows.
Sustainable system protection. A common source of problems in previous versions of Windows was the replacement of vital system files with outdated or incorrect versions. Windows XP controls these overrides by keeping the system-correct version of the file while allowing the application to use the versions of the dynamic-link libraries it needs. Additional protection is provided by recovery tools that monitor the system and, through a saved snapshot of system files and settings, allow you to roll back to a previous configuration if a new application or device driver is causing problems.
Rollback device drivers. Experienced Windows users know that buggy device drivers can completely destroy even a carefully tuned system. Windows XP protects against driver troubles by warning you when you try to install a driver without a digital signature that certifies that it is compatible with Windows XP. The system also allows you to uninstall the driver and restore the previous version, and even in safe mode if needed.
Hardware compatibility. Any user clearly understands how important it is to have good operating system support for this or that equipment. Device drivers play an important role in this understanding of OS and hardware. They are intended for the compatibility of specific hardware with a specific OS. It is no exaggeration to note that Windows is the only operating system of its kind that is capable of "correctly" working with the vast majority of modern hardware designed to work with a computer. Have you seen today, say, a printer or scanner whose accompanying drivers are written only for Linux or Mac OS? Of course not! Due to its widespread prevalence, modern Windows today is simply obliged to support any computer equipment and peripherals. Therefore, today in the world the largest number of drivers and their versions are written specifically for Windows. Installation drivers today usually come with the hardware itself on a companion disc or floppy disk. Moreover: for a large number of hardware in the base of Windows itself today there are standard drivers installed in the operating system by its developers. So, for example, for a SIS 6326 video card or an Epson LX printer today, it is not at all necessary to look for an installation disk with drivers. Windows itself will detect the newly installed hardware and correctly install the driver for it from its database. However, a caveat should be made here:
drivers in the Windows database are not present for all hardware, especially new ones. Most often there you can find a driver for equipment that is outdated today. In general, the modern OS supports all modern types devices designed for working with a computer: scanners, printers, information digitizing devices, modems, tuners, IR sensors, network cards, disks, flash drives (by the way, the same USB drives with hot plugging / unplugging began to be supported as standard devices Windows is relatively recent), as well as many other Windows-compatible computer hardware and peripherals.
OS stability. In general, the stability of modern Windows can be called acceptable. However, the word "acceptable" here must be accompanied by a host of qualifications:
1. Acceptable stability of the OS becomes only after its high-quality and competent tuning - there is no need to talk about an unconfigured system (as well as an unconfigured guitar) here.
2. The stability of modern Windows also largely depends on the version of the product and the presence of installed service packs and add-ons - alas, without their presence, the OS often crashes.
3. The stability of Windows XP also depends on the applications themselves installed on the OS by the user: the more stable they are in operation and the more compatible with the Windows software shell itself, the less failures we will be able to observe in the operation of the main OS.
4. The stability of modern Windows is greatly influenced by the hardware itself, which is used in conjunction with the running OS. Often the incompatibility or incorrect operation of this or that equipment, some users easily attribute to the instability of Windows.
5. Also on stable work modern Windows XP is not the least influenced by device drivers. These mini-programs, which are responsible for pairing certain software with certain equipment, truly work wonders. Today's problems arise among the mass of users - much in the operation of this or that device is solved by the version of this or that driver. If we consider the drivers written for video adapters, then based on their releases, you can easily build a pedigree of the most famous computer games, their additions, updates, etc. The fact is that today the release of the next video drivers is most often timed to coincide with the release of a video game. Many video drivers are written specifically for a specific instance of the game and for a specific instance of a video card. The purpose of such a focus is only one - to maximize the performance of the video adapter. Such drivers usually accompany the games themselves on the same game installation discs. By and large, the release of new drivers is always the elimination of errors in old ones, plus "sharpening" for the most modern computer games and popular benchmarks for testing
performance of video adapters. Therefore, the "curvature" of the drivers installed on the OS plays an important role in the normal functioning of modern Windows XP.
6. The use of the Internet and the number of viruses caught as a result of surfing living in the vastness of the World Wide Web also directly affects the stability of the OS. These virtual viruses can turn work into hell on any computer. Sudden and frequent reboots, spontaneous shutdown of the computer, unauthorized access of the computer to the Internet and other cases of virtual life are a sure sign of a PC infection with viruses. In general, Windows XP is able to work for a fairly long time (more than a year) without
the occurrence of special problems and the need to reinstall the OS (of course, while observing all the precautions described above).
However, the computer can become unusable, and the stability of Windows XP is, unfortunately, no exception.
New interface design. For the first time since the appearanceWindows95, the user interface was only so overhauled inWindowsXP... If you choose a new interfaceWindowsXP, you will notice some differences right away:
Bright colours. The default color scheme in Windows XP is brighter and sharper than the relatively calm color combinations of previous versions of Windows. The new operating system takes full advantage of the graphics hardware capable of 24- and 32-bit color.
Volumetric windows and buttons. When you choose the Windows XP style, windows and buttons become three-dimensional with rounded corners and anti-aliased shadows. You can also notice that all objects change their colors slightly when you hover over them with the mouse cursor - buttons, tabs and other interface elements are highlighted like links on web pages.
Distinct icons. All system icons have been redesigned. The new icons are brighter, the set of colors is richer, because they are designed for resolution up to 24-bit (true color). There are three sizes for each icon, including the "giant" (48x48 pixels), which looks twice as large as the standard 32x32 version of previous versions of Windows. This feature is most useful in the "Tile" view, when several lines of description can be displayed next to the icon, providing the user with additional information.
Built-in themes. For the first time, themes for the desktop appeared in the Microsoft Plus package for Windows 95. A theme is a combination of color
schemes, fonts, sounds and other properties of the dialog interface. In Windows XP, theme support is integrated into the Display utility, and it also supports changing the properties of controls, window borders, and menus.
Compatibility issues. Many programs originally written for Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me will not work properly under Windows XP. Moreover, some devices require drivers that are incompatible with Windows XP.
2.2 Networking capabilities.
The world's most widely used multitasking PC operating system is Microsoft Windows, which is gaining in popularity every year. Windows XP leverages the power of network performance, reliability, and efficiency.
The Windows XP operating system includes the Fast User Switching feature.
This allows you to organize the work of several users on one computer. Each computer user can create a separate password-protected account with personal settings and private files. Several accounts can be active on one computer at once, switching between them is simple and quick.
Connecting computers to a network greatly increases their capabilities. Powerful, easy-to-use Windows XP networks save you time and money.Networked computers can share a shared Internet connection, a shared printer and other hardware, and shared files. You can even play online computer games with other participants.
In addition, network setup with MS Windows XP is easier than with any previous operating system. You don't have to be a networking expert to set up a network at home or in a small office, the wizard will take all the steps to do this. All that remains is to answer a few questions about the computers you want to connect, and the wizard will do the rest.
Once your network is up and running, Windows XP helps you maintain it by automatically tracking changes and adjusting settings to maximize performance with minimal user effort.
Windows XP introduces powerful new tools designed to keep your network healthy under all circumstances. Sophisticated software protects the operating system of each computer, and also creates a security barrier, or firewall, to prevent unauthorized individuals and viruses from the Internet from entering the network.
Thus, the Windows operating system is the most widespread system. Windows XP networks have many advantages, including power and ease of use. Reliability stands out among the advantages of the system. The OS software protects your computer from viruses and unauthorized use of information by others.
Creation of local networks in the OSMS WINDOWS .
The local network usually intended for the collection, transmission, dispersed and distributed processing of information within the same laboratory, department, office or firm, often specializing in performing certain functions in accordance with the profile of the firm and its individual divisions. In many cases, the LAN serving its local information system is connected to other computer networks, internal or external, up to regional or global networks.
When you create a home or small office network, computers running Windows XP Professional or Windows XP Home Edition are connected to a local area network (LAN). At Windows installation XP detects the network adapter and creates a local network connection. By default, the LAN connection is always active. Only connections of this type are automatically created and activated. If you disconnect the LAN connection, it will no longer be automatically activated. This information is stored in the hardware profile, so the profile can accommodate the needs of mobile users who change their location.
By creating a home network or a network for a small organization, you can effectively use all the resources of your computer, using it for both work and play.
If you have multiple computers or other equipment, such as printers, scanners, or cameras, you can use the network to share files, folders, and Internet connections. For example, when a computer is connected to a network, the user of the other computer can also access the Internet at this time. With multiple computers and one or more peripheral devices (printers, scanners, or cameras), these devices can be accessed from all computers.
There are several ways to connect computers to a network. For home and small office networks, the simplest model is a peer-to-peer network.
A peer-to-peer network, also called a workgroup, allows computers to communicate with each other directly and does not require a server to manage network resources. It is most suitable when placed on a total area of less than ten computers. Computers in a workgroup are treated as nodes because they are equal and share resources. Each user decides for himself what data on the local computer can be shared on the network. Sharing resources will allow users to print to a single printer, access data in shared folders, and work on a single file without transferring it to a floppy disk.
A home or small office network is like a telephone system. While on the network, each computer is provided with a network adapter, which performs a function similar to the function of a telephone receiver: like a telephone receiver used to receive and transmit a conversation, a computer's network device sends and receives information from other computers on the network.
Thus, the local area network Windows XP are used within the same firm or enterprise. The most common local area network is a peer-to-peer network, which allows computers to communicate with each other directly and does not require a server to manage network resources. The local network provides the following opportunities: use shared access to the Internet connection, to files and folders, to office equipment, as well as joint games and entertainment.
Global network INTERNET
Computer networks that cover large geographic areas are called global. The most widespread global network is the Internet. The Internet is a global international computer network for digital communication, which unites many servers into a single logical architecture, which contain a huge amount of information on various topics. The global network always consists of many local area networks connected together.
At using windows XP, the Network Connection Wizard is used to set up a new Internet connection. The connection wizard will create a connection to the Internet and display a list of Internet service providers on the screen along with details of the services they offer. It remains to select a suitable supplier from the list, then a new account is provided.
Windows XP contains the most recent version of MSN Explorer with Microsoft Full Service Pack and the latest update for Internet Explorer.
Information resources of the Internet, focused on the servers of the World Wide Web, allow users not only to view the pages, passing from link to link, but also to request the necessary information.
Internet users can use the network not only as a source of information, but also as a means of communication.
Windows XP offers the following paths to help you keep your online privacy and security safe:
Use the security and privacy settings of Internet Explorer to maintain your privacy and improve the security of your computer and your personal information.
Use security zones to help protect your computer by setting different security levels for different areas of the Internet.
Using a Content Advisor to avoid displaying objectionable pages on the screen using standard ratings that have been independently determined by the Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) committee.
Thus, the Internet is the most widespread global network. MSN Explorer is new universal program, allowing more complete use of the Internet. It allows you to access various Internet resources (text, images, files) at a given address. For communication in the Windows XP operating system such programs as E-mail, Outlook Express, Windows Messenger are used. Windows XP uses powerful tools to help keep your network safe and secure.
Chapter 3 Features of Windows Vista.
3.1 Innovations.
One of the most touted innovations in Windows Vista is the 3D Aero Glass interface. If your video card is compatible with DirectX 9.0 - get ready to spend the first two hours exploring the new system, looking at the local beauty. Needless to say, Aero looks unnatural. After the flat 2D "world" of all previous Windows, the 3D icons, alpha transparency and colorful special effects are somewhat stunning. In the first minutes, the spectacle seems somewhat implausible, as if we are facing not a Windows interface, but a skillfully drawn flash movie. This feeling, of course, disappears after a while in Vista. All windows in Windows Vista have a translucent border that resembles glass. Through the line with the title and the "Minimize" / Expand "/" Close "buttons, you can see the blurry content of the lower-level window or the desktop wallpaper. Not to say that this effect is in demand, but it looks great. The "Start" panel is also made translucent, which, again, does not carry a functional load. The animation of all windows and moving elements has been completely redesigned. Windows pop up gracefully, expanding and changing opacity on the fly. There are no abrupt changes between colors at all - only smooth gradient transitions. The main color scheme of the entire system interface is shades of blue. However, the settings panel allows you to change it at your discretion, even semitones are available. It is difficult to imagine the full beauty of the system based on words or illustrations. It's worth looking at Vista in action.
The Vista Desktop area remains the same. The developers have once again redrawn all the icons, embellished them. Previously, pictures on the desktop could not be viewed without opening. In Vista, even here the thumbnail is converted to a thumbnail of the content. When selected, a square with cut corners appears around the icon (instead of overlaying a cyan semitransparent layer as it was before). The bottom panel has been slightly modified. Only the "glass" sphere with the Windows logo remained of the "Start" button. Slightly to the right is the quick launch panel. As before, shortcuts to frequently used programs are placed there. It also features a flip button, one of Vista's main advertised features. As soon as you click on it, all the open windows will slightly change the perspective and line up on top of each other. In fact, this function was supposed to facilitate navigation, because maximized windows remain "alive", loading indicators crawl on them, special effects flash. However, the Alt + Tab keyboard shortcut is faster and more convenient to use. The All Programs subcategory no longer opens in a new full screen layer. A list with all installed programs was built into the Start menu. Of course, the entire list would not fit into such a limited space, so the developers implemented a scroll bar. Program folders now open downward, forming a tree structure. Live Search is also available here - right below the list of programs there is a field for entering a search query. The list of all found data replaces the program list. In this case, the found files are divided into categories depending on the type. You can find out the content of applications minimized to the "Start" line by simply moving the cursor to them - a small square window with a reduced copy of the content and a title will pop up. But the changes in the "Start" panel do not end with the innovations in the Desktop area. With Windows Vista, Microsoft has begun promoting gadgets - gadgets that are located on the right side of the desktop, in the Sidepanel. Most gadgets are internet applications. Currency rates, weather forecast, quotes - these programs communicate with the server and get what they need.
Let's explain the operation of some gadgets.
The News Headers gadget is an RSS client that gets all the information from the feeds you subscribed to. RSS makes it easier to check the news - the gadget changes its content in real time when a new headline arrives. You can expand the heading (for more information) and, by double-clicking, go to the full-fledged news on the site. This is the first time an RSS client is built into Windows at this level. The Slideshow app is an alternative to the full photo gallery slideshow, but works in Sidepanel. The CPU Usage gadget displays two sensors on the side panel that display CPU usage and CPU usage. random access memory in percentage. Microsoft allowed everyone to develop gadgets on their own. The side panel offers ample opportunities to expand the functionality of the Desktop. Companies like Yandex or Google have already developed a working gadget for the sidebar. The application contains a line for entering a search request through the system and - you do not have to go to the site. As soon as you enter your query and press Enter, an Internet browser will open and take you to the search results.
Live Search, which is what Advanced Search is called, is ubiquitous in Vista. For example, the search bar located next to the address bar in Explorer allows you to quickly search in a selected folder. Go to the folder and enter, for example, the letter "a" in the search bar. Windows will process the request and leave only files beginning with the letter "a" on the screen. Live Search can be accessed from the Start bar. Windows Vista offers a strict cataloging of content. If in Windows XP the folders "My Pictures", "My Music" were rather optional, then in Vista it is these folders that open when the "Explorer" opens, and first of all index the built-in programs to create their libraries. This is where Live Search comes into its own. The Live Search program was introduced because the number of files on the average computer of the average user is growing every year. This trend will continue for a long time to come. It is not so easy to understand and quickly find the necessary file in a huge dump of all kinds of documents, drawings, music. Vista solved this problem by indexing information.
Internet Explorer 7.0. The Internet browser built into Windows is deservedly disliked by the majority of advanced users, because it has practically not changed since the first versions (except cosmetically). Third-party developers quickly picked up the wave, sorted out the desires of people and presented their versions of browsers for Windows. By far the most popular of these are Opera and Mozilla FireFox. With Internet Explorer 7.0, Microsoft has promised a major overhaul of its interface. Having tested the new product, we can say with confidence that Microsoft has studied the popular browsers of our time in the most careful way. An experienced user will immediately notice the similarities primarily with Opera. Internet Explorer has finally got support for bookmarks, that is, all pages open in one window, without cluttering the Start bar.
Secondly, the function of previewing pages has appeared - click on the button with four squares and you will see miniature copies of all open windows... In the new Internet Explorer, Microsoft has implemented full support for RSS feeds - from now on you can subscribe to them without the use of third-party software. All navigation and control elements are minimized and dispersed across the screen, so the work area is greatly expanded. In general, no special tweaking capabilities have appeared in Internet Explorer. Yes, it has become more convenient and practical, but Mozilla FireFox and Opera are still far superior to Internet Explorer in functionality. In an attempt to simplify the browser as much as possible, Microsoft has produced a program that is far from the best for full-fledged work on the Internet.
Microsoft has improved the protection system of Windows Vista - it is still the same firewall, but it is organized a little differently. The new firewall, in addition to Internet activity, also controls all local programs. Try to run some EXE file - and you will immediately receive a warning and a request to confirm the launch. This system is more efficient than the one used before, as it allows you to control the installation of all programs. This, in theory, should protect the computer from the automatic installation of various ad modules, which are abundant on the Internet. But the fatal flaw of the new firewall is being overly intrusive. Half of the users will turn it off at the first opportunity. The other half will get used to “give the go-ahead” to all processes, which will reduce the level of protection to zero.
Windows Backup. Backing up and restoring data has been around since the release of Windows 2000. But Vista has new backup capabilities and a noticeably improved user interface. It takes advantage of the Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) and has the ability to back up data to media such as CDs and flash cards. In general, with the release of Windows Vista, sales of flash memory will creep up, because the new system is very fond of this type of storage media. Microsoft developed SuperFetch technology. If the amount of RAM is large enough, then SuperFetch uses unused memory. The files of frequently called programs are placed there, which leads to their faster launch.
During the operation of Windows Vista, there were no deviations from the norm of behavior, braking. The system never crashed or rebooted. Among the noted drawbacks is the blocking of some outdated applications. For example, Nero Burning ROM 6, Outpost Firewall 3 refused to work (here it is worth noting that the seventh version of Nero works perfectly fine in Vista). Almost all programs created for Windows XP work fine on Windows Vista as well. Vista installed everything that was often used in XP - GOM Player, all Adobe and Macromedia products, Winamp, various office suites, archivers. No problems were found with them. All the work we did in Windows XP can be done just as efficiently in Vista. The only exception is DOS programs, everything is very rough here. There aren't many DOS programs left, but it's worth keeping that in mind.
There are still problems with the drivers. NVIDIA and ATI have already presented working and complete drivers for Windows Vista; motherboard manufacturers are not lagging behind. Complaints about the work of Creative programmers remain. At the moment, only beta drivers for sound cards from this manufacturer are still available. Vista does not even include drivers for SB Live! 5.1 - owners of these and older models should consider buying a more modern card.
Needless to say, Vista is very demanding on the computer. To enjoy the beauty of the Aero interface, you need a DirectX 9.0 graphics card. Microsoft recommends a computer with an 800MHz processor and 512MB of RAM as the minimum configuration for Vista - that's enough for Vista Home Basic with half the features disabled. The system itself eats away about 500 MB of RAM for its own needs. A gigabyte of memory, of course, is not enough. Enough for the job, but not enough for Vista to spread its wings. One of the creators said that the system feels best on a system with 4GB of RAM. But 4 GB is only recognized by the 64-bit version of Vista. Vista Home Premium looks the most optimal for the home.
3.2 Advantages of Windows Vista over Windows XP.
Early adopters of Windows Vista say it is ready to sweep any operating system out of its way. It's hard to argue, but the transition to Windows Vista is only a matter of time. Now it's time to find out how you can painlessly migrate to a new OS. Over the next couple of years, Windows Vista will take a leading position in the OS market, gradually replacing Windows XP, which at one time also supplanted Windows 98 and Windows Me.
Since the early days of DOS and even Mac OS, there has been a slow shift in the concept of operating systems towards increasing functionality and increasing the number of new features, the need for which is not at all obvious. This led to the strange situation where the cult of Microsoft Windows made computing stagnant and dangerous. So unless the architecture of computers is redesigned from the start, which won't happen in the next hundred years, we will be on a path of never-ending misfortune, and Windows Vista proves it.
Refresh your Internet Explorer. Leverage the power of Internet Explorer 7 for a more comfortable and secure Internet experience: tabbed browsing, advanced printing, simple search, RSS feed support, and high security.
Windows SuperFetch is a smart new technology for managing system memory. In short, the principle of its operation is as follows: Windows Vista monitors which applications the user most often uses, and preloads them into memory to improve system performance. Intelligence is achieved due to the fact that usage is recorded not only for individual users (each of them is optimized in its own way), but also in terms of usage time - it's no secret that many people use different applications on weekends than during the work week. Another innovation is the priority of user applications over system services that run in the background. Now the service, having completed its work, is unloaded from memory, and the user application takes its place.
Windows Vista - PC shutdown option called Sleep. In this mode, all user data, such as open documents and running applications, is saved to both the hard disk and RAM, and the computer is put into a low power state. It really allows you to get back to work in seconds! Moreover, even with a complete shutdown or restart of the PC (which can now be done very rarely due to the increased system stability), you can start working faster, since most of the boot tasks are performed in the background.
Ensuring compatibility with previously written programs is one of the main challenges faced by the developers of Windows Vista.
Windows Vista will use the NTFS file system already familiar to us from Windows XP. Previously, it was planned to release Windows Vista with support for the latest file system WinFS, but due to the huge amount of other improvements in Windows Vista, this idea had to be abandoned. WinFS will be released later as a separate add-on. At the same time, it cannot be said that the file system has not changed: BitLocker Drive Encryption is a significant leap forward in security, which will especially appeal to business and laptop users.
The main feature of the new Windows Aero user interface is to provide the user with the easiest access to his documents stored on the computer, to make working with information more efficient and simple.
One of the "new" features of Windows Vista is Windows Firewall, which is available in all editions of the new OS. Windows Firewall is certainly not new; it was already available to Windows XP SP2 users, but it could only block incoming connections. According to Microsoft, in Windows Vista the firewall will work in both directions, providing the ability to block both incoming and outgoing connections ... But on closer inspection, it turned out that this is nothing more than a marketing ploy. With Windows Vista, you get half the firewall that needs a lot of work.
Windows Media Center is a remote control that allows you to watch and record TV programs, listen to music, watch photo and video files, and also use many other Internet features.
Conclusion.
In this course work "Windows operating systems", taking as a basis the works of scientists, professors, programmers, the concept of Windows operating systems was studied.
In our course work, some characteristics of operating systems are given. The main characteristics and features of such systems as Windows XP and Windows Vista are also considered.
In the process of preparing the work, the goal was achieved - to explore the concept of the Windows operating system.
The tasks stipulated by this goal have been completed. The basic concept of the operating system and the history of its creation are considered. The features of Windows XP, its advantages, disadvantages and network capabilities are studied. The features of Windows Vista, its advantages over Windows XP are investigated.
Based on the tasks set, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The operating system is a complex of interconnected system programs, whose functions are to control the use and distribution of computing system resources and to organize the user's interaction with the computer.
The first version of Windows appeared in 1986. Since that time and up to the present day, the operating system does not stop developing. New, more refined versions are created on the basis of outdated versions. Taking into account the new needs of users, more than modern versions Windows. The organization of Windows is changing, its reliability and basic capabilities are increasing.
With the advent of Windows XP, the system has become more complex, but it is much less likely to malfunction. All this is provided by new ideas in the creation of Windows XP. The Windows operating system is the most widespread system. The networking capabilities of Windows XP have many advantages, including power and ease of use. Reliability stands out among the advantages of the system. The OS software protects your computer from viruses and unauthorized use of information by others.
In 2007, a new version of Windows was released - Windows Vista. It is distinguished by its innovations such as: a three-dimensional interface AeroGlass, gadgets gadgets, new Live Search, etc.
Overall, the system is much more responsive than Windows XP. User applications are also prioritized over services running in the background when accessing devices such as the hard drive. In Windows Vista, the situation is practically excluded in which the user downloads data from hard disk will slow down if, for example, disk defragmentation or anti-virus software is running at the same time.
Thus, having studied Windows operating systems, we can conclude that the Windows operating system is the most popular and widespread operating system in the world, and for most users it is the most suitable due to its simplicity, good interface, acceptable performance and a huge number of applications for it.
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SPB .: Peter, 2004 -415s.
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Operating system Windows XP.: Textbook. manual for the beginning.
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14. (Advantages and disadvantages
modern windows)
15. (Network
Windows OS capabilities computers/ History _ Microsoft _ Windows . htm
(History of the creation of Microsoft Windows)
Content
| Introduction |
|
| 1. Concept and purpose of the operating system. |
4 |
| 2. Types of operating systems. |
5 |
| 3. Composition and main functions of the OS. |
7 |
| 4. Popularity of operating systems in 2012. |
8 |
5. Advantages and disadvantages of Windows and Linux operating systems. |
9 |
| 5.1. Fundamental features |
10 |
| 5.1.1 Linux is a mainstream OS. |
10 |
| 5.1.2 Linux is a free OS. |
10 |
| 5.1.3. Linux is a free OS. |
11 |
| 5.2 Basic qualities. |
12 |
| Conclusion. |
14 |
Bibliography. |
15 |
Introduction
As you know, the process of information technology penetration into almost all spheres of human activity continues to develop and deepen. In addition to the already familiar and widespread personal computers, the total number of which has reached many hundreds of millions, there are more and more embedded computing facilities. There are more and more users of all this diverse computing technology, and the development of two seemingly opposite trends is observed. On the one hand, information technologies are becoming more and more complicated, and for their application, and even more so for further development, one needs to have very deep knowledge. On the other hand, the user-computer interfaces are simplified. Computers and information systems are becoming more and more friendly and understandable even for a person who is not a specialist in the field of computer science and computing. This became possible, first of all, because users and their programs interact with computers through special (system) software - through the operating system.
The operating system provides interfaces to both running applications and users. User programs, and many utilities, ask the operating system to perform those operations that are quite common in almost any program. These operations, first of all, include I / O operations, starting or stopping a program, obtaining an additional block of memory or freeing it, and many others. It is unprofitable to program such operations every time and place them directly in the form of binary code in the body of the program; it is more convenient to put them together and provide them for execution upon request from programs. This is one of the most important functions of operating systems. Application programs, and many system processing programs, do not have direct access to the computer hardware, but interact with it only through calls to the operating system. Users also interact with the computer and their programs by entering operating system commands or choosing possible actions offered by the system. This interaction is carried out exclusively through the operating system. In addition to performing this critical function, operating systems are responsible for efficiently allocating computing resources and organizing reliable computing.
Based on this, we can say that the topic "Operating systems: types, purpose, composition and main functions" is very relevant today.
1. Concept and purpose of the operating system.
Operating system (OS) is a set of system and control programs designed for the most efficient use of all resources of a computing system (CS) (Computing system is an interconnected set of hardware and software for processing information) and the convenience of working with it).
OS purpose:
- organization of the computing process in the computing system;
rational distribution of computing resources between individual tasks to be solved;
providing users with numerous service tools to facilitate the process of programming and debugging tasks. 1
A real operating system must:
- be generally accepted and used as a standard system on many computers;
work with all computer devices, including those released a long time ago;
ensure the launch of a variety of programs written by different people and at different times;
provide means for checking, configuring, maintaining a computer system.
The main characteristics of an operating system are its stability and resistance to various threats - external (viruses) and internal (hardware failures and conflicts). Today there are two types of operating systems - server and single-user. The former are serious software implementations, since they contain mechanisms by which relationships are controlled and the local network is maintained. The second - lightweight, can work both autonomously and as part of a network, obeying its rules.
2. Types of operating systems
There are several of the most common operating systems, each of which is focused on a specific family of processors and, accordingly, computers.
RT-11 (Real Time System). The RT-11 operating system was developed in 1972 by DEC for the PDP-11 family of small computers. On the basis of this system, versions of this system (RAFOS, OS DVK, FODOS) were developed in the USSR, which were used on the SM-4 mini-computer, DVK personal computers and in school computer classes UKNTs and BK-0011.
CP / M (Control program for microcomputers). One of the first operating systems for personal computers. It was developed in 1975 and was used on Yamaha and Corvette computers (Z80 processor), IBM PC / XT (8086 processor).
MSX-DOS. The MSX-DOS operating system was developed for 8-bit (Z80 processor) MSX computers in the mid-1980s. Used on inexpensive computers like Yamaha.
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). The MS-DOS operating system was developed in the early 1980s to run on IBM PC / XT computers based on Intel's 8086 processor. MS-DOS was the most common command line operating system installed on computers based on 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium processors. The latest version was MS-DOS 6.22.
Microsoft Windows. The Windows graphical multitasking operating system has replaced MS-DOS. Currently, more than 90% of personal computers are based on Intel & Windows, that is, they have an Intel-compatible processor (Pentium) and a Windows operating system installed.
The main advantages of modern Windows operating systems include plug-and-play technology, multitasking and a graphical interface.
Plug-and-Play technology allows even a novice user to plug a new device (such as a printer) into the computer and continue working. Windows itself will install the required driver and allocate resources.
Multitasking provides the user with the ability to load several applications into RAM at once (for example, a Word text editor, Excel spreadsheets, Internet Explorer, etc.). The transition from working in one application to another is very quick and easy, by moving from one open "window" of Windows to another.
OS / 2 (Operation System). The OS / 2 operating system was developed by IBM in the late 1980s for PS / 2 computers (Personal system / 2). It did not receive wide distribution.
Apple System Various versions of this system are installed on Apple computers (Macintosh, PowerPC, etc.). In this operating system, in the late 1980s, a multi-window graphical interface and mouse control were first used.
UNIX. High-performance computers, sometimes referred to as "workstations," are commonly known as the UNIX operating system. The beginning of the development of this system dates back to 1969, and by now more than 20 different versions are already known. Currently, a fairly large number of servers are running this system. 3
3. Composition and main functions of OS
An operating system is a rather complexly organized program, and it would be more appropriate to speak of it as a whole complex of programs. Thus, the OS includes the following modules:
Tab. 1.
| Module |
Appointment |
| Basic module |
Manages the operation of programs and the file system, provides access to it and the exchange of files between peripheral devices |
| Command processor |
Decrypts and executes user commands coming primarily through the keyboard |
| Device Drivers |
Programs for working with computer devices. Each device is accompanied by an instruction (driver program), which describes how the OS should work with it. |
| Graphical interface |
Thanks to the graphical interface, the user enters commands using the mouse, which allows him to avoid errors in the formation of command text that occur when entering the latter from the keyboard |
| Service programs |
Utility programs that allow you to maintain disks, perform operations with files, work in networks, etc. |
| reference system |
Allows you to quickly receive the necessary information about the functioning of the OS as a whole, and about the work of its individual modules. 4 |
Modern operating systems perform three main functions.
Second, software unification is an important feature of operating systems. Previously, programs were machine dependent. That is, a program written for one computer could not work on another, even the same computer, without correction. With the advent of operating systems, programmers no longer need to rewrite applications for each new computer, since all machine-dependent parts of the program have been ported into the operating system code.
Third, the operating system must be organized so that it allows the efficient development, testing, and implementation of new applications and system functions, and this must not interfere with the normal functioning of the computing system. 5
Additional OS features include:
- parallel or pseudo-parallel task execution (multitasking);
interaction between processes: data exchange, mutual synchronization;
protection of the system itself, as well as user data and programs from the actions of users (malicious or unknowingly) or applications;
differentiation of access rights and multi-user mode of operation (authentication, authorization).
4. Popularity of operating systems in 2012 6
According to research company Net Applications, Windows XP is still the most popular PC OS in the world in 2012. True, the backlog of Windows 7 is very small - less than 3%, 43.74% for XP versus 40.85% for Win 7, and as of early 2013, Windows 7 has already surpassed Windows XP by several percent. Thus, the Windows family operating systems remain the undisputed market leaders with total share more than 90%.Nevertheless, the market share of Microsoft operating systems continues to decline, from 93.6% in 2011 to 92.02% in 2012. The share of users working on various MacOS families is growing, already 6.81% in 2012, against 5.87% in 2011, as well as Linux users , from 1.06% to 1.16%. In October 2012 Microsoft launched sales new windows 8, let's see how the situation will change with its appearance in 2013.
In Russia, the situation is somewhat different. According to OpenStat, Windows users are 90.48%, with Windows 7 leading with 47.31%. But among the OS of the second tier, Linux-based systems are in the lead with a large margin - with 4.11%, while MacOS users are only 1.44%.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of Windows and Linux operating systems.
For quite a long time there has been a debate about which operating system is better - Windows or Linux? So far, users and experts have not come to a common opinion. Everyone chooses what is more convenient for him to work with.Windows is the first thing that comes to mind when talking about a computer. Even those who have come across a computer only a couple of times in everyday life know about this operating system. However, Windows is far from the only operating system. The most common alternative for Microsoft's brainchild is the lesser-known but no less efficient Linux operating system. Linux, unlike Windows, is really known only to those people whose lives are in direct contact with the computer world. It is possible to compare these two operating systems for a long time, and never come to any definite conclusion.
Speaking in general terms about Windows, since it is more widespread, we can say that this is also its first advantage. Indeed, disks with this operating system can be bought almost everywhere, in addition, it is for Windows that a huge number of various applications and add-ons are released, not to mention modern computer games, most of which are produced exclusively for Windows. It must also be said that most of the operations on the Internet are carried out using Windows, this is the creation of sites, and their search engine promotion, and just viewing electronic pages. The main disadvantages of Windows are the high cost of commercial software, the inability to effectively resist intrusion from outside, and the overall low level of protection. In addition, Windows has a complex activation system, well, and the exorbitantly high requirements for a computer have already become legendary.
Now a little about Linux OS. The most important advantage is that this system is distributed free of charge. Also, Linux is practically immune to viruses, since many of them are written for Windows. A large number of programs are integrated into the system in the form of packages, which is not available in Windows. In addition, Linux has minimum system requirements, and it is always possible to customize the system for yourself, of course, if you have the appropriate knowledge. The main disadvantages of Linux are related to its low popularity. This is the absence of many drivers, some video codecs, and the inability to support modern games.
Learn more about the advantages and disadvantages of Linux (compared to Windows).
Linux is the general name for Unix-like operating systems based on the kernel of the same name and the libraries and system programs compiled for it, developed within the framework of the GNU project. GNU is another Unix - a similar OS developed by Richard Stolpman, the software for which was largely borrowed from Linux. The Linux kernel itself was developed by the programmer and hacker Linus Torvalds, so it's more correct to say GNU / Linux - that is, the combination of the kernel and software.
5.1. Fundamental features
5.1.1 Linux is a mainstream OS. GNU / Linux is not really a single OS, but it has hundreds of distributions, that is, variations developed by thousands of companies and highly skilled programmers. For comparison, for example, the MS Windows operating system is developed and supported by one company - Microsoft corporation, which owns the copyright for this product and which charges a fee for using the Windows operating system, that is, Windows is a commercial, proprietary, proprietary operating system. Actually, Microsoft Corporation was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975, they own a controlling stake in this organization.
Sometimes Linux is just the kernel itself, and sometimes a full-fledged OS, which includes applications and a user interface. The rights to this OS have been transferred to public ownership. Unlike commercial systems such as Microsoft Windows, Linux does not have a geographic center of development. There is no organization that owns the system; there is no single control and support center. New projects for developing programs for Linux are constantly emerging, there are many of these projects and they have different outlines: some are carried out centrally in firms, others unite fans and enthusiasts who rebel against paid, non-free software, but, however, experts in their field. Users from all over the world test new, of course free, programs, find flaws in the system, and offer their own solutions. Thus, the work is carried out according to the principle that the best is what is done together, "by the whole world." Such work allows in practice to quickly find errors and inconsistencies. In addition, there is a desire to create the best distribution, because of this their number is constantly growing, which is the subject of our analysis, which determines it from the main features of Linux.
5.1.2 Linux is a free OS.
As already mentioned, the rights to the Linux operating system have been transferred to the public property, there is no organization or person - the owner of Linux. Linus Torvalds himself, creating Linux, initially did not seek to profit from it and regarded its creation only as his hobby.
To get a clear idea of this Linux advantage, let's look at the comparison with Windows again. Since the rights to Windows are owned by a specific company, which is owned by the entrepreneur, Windows is a commercial product. For each copy of this program (and an OS is a program), you have to pay, and self-distribution of this OS is illegal. There are much fewer distributions, compared to Linux, that have a market price and are sold strictly according to it.
5.1.3. Linux is a free OS.
Most purchased or uploaded software is distributed in a compiled, ready-to-use form. Compiled means that the code of a given program written by the programmer, called the source code, is processed by a special program - a compiler that translates this code into a language that the computer can understand. It is extremely difficult to modify the compiled version of most software, and it is almost impossible to determine exactly how the developer implemented the various parts of the program.
Of course, commercial manufacturers see this as an undoubted advantage, since the closed source code does not give other companies the opportunity to create and distribute new, competing products. In addition, it helps to keep the product intact, with all its functions.
For example, Windows is a closed source operating system that is available only to a very narrow circle of people.
(Open source) is opposed to proprietary. The source code of the program is distributed along with the compiled version, which contributes to the modification and improvement of the program. When many users have access to the source code, errors in the program are quickly detected, it is converted, new versions appear, which in turn are quickly and free of charge. In general, there is, so to speak, user democracy, thanks to which the rapid development of software occurs.
Another important source code is the description of the program. Using the text of the program, you can restore the logic of its functioning. Comments are used to make the source code easier to understand. Programmers often transfer source code (as modules, as-is, or with adaptation) from one project to another, which is called code reuse. Source code is an essential component for porting software to other platforms. Without source code for any piece of software, porting is an extremely difficult or impossible task at all.
Gnu / Linux is an open source OS, protected by its creator Linus Torvalds, under the GNU General Public License, a free software license created by the GNU Project in 1988 at the initiative of Richard Stallman. This license - grants the user the rights to copy, modify and distribute, guarantees that users of all derivative programs will also receive the above rights. By licensing the work under the terms of the GNU GPL, the author retains the authorship, in addition, derivative programs can be distributed commercially (here is a clear distinction between open source and free (Free source)). That is, this license allows everything that is prohibited by copyright law, while retaining the authorship of the developer.
Thanks to open source, Linux is what it is. Only 2% of the Linux kernel is currently written by Linus Torvalds himself. It is the openness that makes it possible for thousands of programmers to improve this OS that made Linux such a popular driving force, determined its extreme economic efficiency in terms of competition and demand. Therefore, we can safely say that Linux is a much more flexible OS than Windows, since thousands of companies from the Linux community can find errors and inconsistencies much faster than programmers from the "bosom" of Microsoft. In addition, for the same reason, there are far fewer Windows distributions than Linux, and Linux distributions are also interoperable, easily changeable, adaptable.
But, in turn, closed systems are more specific, their software is more consistent, and the interface is better designed and combined in all applications. This is of course a flaw in Linux.
5.2 Basic qualities.
The Unix OS has always been an interactive system designed to support many processes and many users at the same time. It was designed by programmers and for programmers to use it in an environment in which most users are quite experienced and involved in (often quite complex) software development projects. In many cases, a large number of programmers are actively working on creating a common system, so the Unix operating system has a large number of tools that allow people to work together and manage information sharing. Obviously, the model of a group working on the creation of complex software differs significantly from the model of a single novice user sitting at a personal computer in a word processor, and this difference is reflected in the Unix operating system from start to finish.
But there are operating systems designed for use on personal computers, for example, Apple and the same Windows, which was originally developed as single-user and only then on the basis of single-user multi-user was created, which, however, is inferior to Linux in terms of interactive capabilities. But the simple, graphically oriented interface makes such systems much easier and more convenient to use for ordinary users, which makes them more popular among PC users on which Windows is often preinstalled and available by 93%. Accordingly, Linux is more popular on Servers.
Thus, the advantages of Linux here include the fact that this system gives programmers and highly skilled users a unique work experience, as well as suitability for servers. The disadvantages are the complexity for a novice user, the system is still less convenient for working on a PC, in addition, many users criticized Linux for the lack of familiar programs, especially office suites. However, we can say that such problems are solved in the Ubuntu distribution and related ones.
Hardware and Software The main disadvantages of the Linux operating system are currently exposed in software compatibility with hardware. This is due to the fact that until recently software developers often focused their products almost exclusively on Windows. Microsoft has multiple licensing agreements with software vendors to ensure compatibility and adaptability of software for this operating system. As for Linux, some programs turn out to be incompatible with this OS. But do not forget that, firstly, the Linux community is constantly developing and testing new free software, and secondly, Linux operates at the expense of GNU software. There is also an analog office suite - Open Office.
However, there is a more serious problem - some hardware refuses to work on the Linux platform. This can lead to the fact that, for example, a purchased printer or scanner simply will not function. Apparently, in order for this problem to disappear, linux must develop, become more popular, then the developers will be more attentive to the existence of suitable drivers for Linux.
This security system outperforms most of its counterparts, in addition, at present, there are practically no viruses designed specifically for Linux. It is not for nothing that Linux is installed on computers, the leakage of information from which or their defeat is fraught with large-scale consequences (in government agencies, banks, etc.) Therefore, we will not hesitate to attribute security to the advantages of Linux.
Conclusion
Operating system (OS) is a complex of system and control programs designed for the most efficient use of all resources of a computing system.OS is designed for:
- organization of the computing process in the computing system;
rational distribution of computing resources between individual tasks to be solved;
providing users with numerous service tools that facilitate the process of programming and debugging tasks.
First, they simplify the use of computer hardware and make it efficient and convenient to work with.
Second, software unification is an important feature of operating systems. Previously, programs were machine dependent. That is, a program written for one computer could not work on another, even the same computer, without correction. With the advent of operating systems, programmers no longer need to rewrite applications for each new computer, since all machine-dependent parts of the program have been ported into the operating system code.
Third, the operating system must be organized so that it allows the efficient development, testing, and implementation of new applications and system functions, and this must not interfere with the normal functioning of the computing system.
I would also like to note that the main characteristics of an operating system are its stability and resistance to various threats - external (viruses) and internal (hardware failures and conflicts).
Operating systems of the Linux family are the most dynamically developing OS family. Incomplete establishment of a complete ordering of resources, some difficulty in mastering by ordinary users and incomplete acceptance by software manufacturers - these are the main disadvantages of Linux. There are much more advantages, these are: Mass character - that is, the public availability of the project, the participation of programmers from all over the world in it. Due to the mass scale, flaws are identified faster, new distributions are created; The openness of the Linux OS made it a terrific area for a programmer; Free OS speaks for itself; The advanced shell makes this system more professional; finally, the security system in this OS is thought out with great care. Linux is a special ideology that will probably conquer the world soon.
Bibliography
- Informatics in Economics: Textbook. allowance / Ed. prof. B. E. Odintsova, prof. A.N. Romanov. - M .: University textbook, 2008.
Informatics, automated information technologies and systems: Textbook / V.A. Gvozdev. - M .: ID FORUM: INFRA-M, 2011 .-- 544 p.
Informatics: Textbook / I.I. Sergeeva, A.A. Muzalevskaya, N.V. Tarasova. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: ID FORUM: INFRA-M, 2011 .-- 384 p.
Informatics: A course of lectures. Tutorial/ E.L. Fedotova, A.A. Fedotov. - M .: ID FORUM: INFRA-M, 2011 .-- 480 p.
http://www.cits.ru/news/348/
http://ru.wikipedia.org
1 Informatics in Economics: Textbook. allowance / Ed. prof. B. E. Odintsova, prof. A.N. Romanov. - M .: University textbook, 2008.
2 Informatics, automated information technologies and systems: Textbook / V.A. Gvozdev. - M .: ID FORUM: INFRA-M, 2011 .-- 544 p.
3 Informatics: Textbook / I.I. Sergeeva, A.A. Muzalevskaya, N.V. Tarasova. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: ID FORUM: INFRA-M, 2011 .-- 384 p.
4 Informatics: A course of lectures. Textbook / E.L. Fedotova, A.A. Fedotov. - M .: ID FORUM: INFRA-M, 2011 .-- 480 p.
5 Informatics: Textbook / I.I. Sergeeva, A.A. Muzalevskaya, N.V. Tarasova. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: ID FORUM: INFRA-M, 2011 .-- 384 p.
6 http://www.cits.ru/news/348/
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE"
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATICS
Computer Science Abstract
OS advantages and disadvantagesLinux
Completed: student group 120
Abramova A.A.
Teacher: A.E.Schadilov
St. Petersburg
1. Introduction …………………………………………………… 3
2. Linux Overview ……………………………………………… ... 4
3. Advantages of Linux OS …………………………… ....… .6
4. Disadvantages of Linux OS …………………………………… .. 8
5. Conclusions …………………………………………………… 9
Introduction
An operating system is a complex of interconnected system programs, the purpose of which is to organize the user's interaction with a computer and the execution of all other programs.
The operating system acts as a link between the computer hardware and the programs being executed, as well as the user.
The most popular operating systems in the world are from Microsoft. Their share is 95% among all operating systems. Most people believe that Windows must be installed on the computer to work. Not all users know about alternative operating systems (OS), even fewer have tried these operating systems in practice. I want to talk about the comparative advantages and disadvantages of one of the alternative operating systems in this essay. In the past six years, the popularity of an operating system called Linux has been growing.
Both of these operating systems are multi-user, multitasking. They have widespread network support, data protection, and many other similar functions. As a result, they have the same areas of interest in relation to the consumer, which served as the basis for the conflict that flared up both between the fans of the OS and between their creators.
This essay will not focus on Windows, as virtually anyone who uses a computer will likely use Windows as their desktop operating system. But not everyone is familiar with Linux, so this particular OS will be considered in more detail.
V recent times the growing popularity of the operating system called Linux.
Linux overview
Many people think that Linux is just the kernel. But the kernel alone is useless to the user. Although the kernel is undoubtedly the backbone of the Linux operating system, the user has to work with applications all the time. These programs are just as important as the kernel. Therefore, Linux is a collection of the kernel and basic application programs that are usually installed on every computer with this operating system.
Linux is a multitasking and multiuser operating system for education, business, and individual programming. Linux belongs to a family of UNIX-like operating systems. Linux was originally written by Linus Torvalds and has since been improved by countless people around the world. One of the most interesting facts from the history of Linux "a" is that people from all over the world took part in its creation at the same time - from Australia to Finland - and continue to do so to this day.
In 1998, Linux was the fastest growing server operating system, increasing its distribution by 212% in the same year. There are over 20,000,000 Linux users today. There are many Linux applications for both home use and Intel servers.
The main difference between Linux and Windows is the ability to do without a graphical interface at all. The most fundamental difference between Linux and Mac OS and Windows is that Linux is free software. For an ordinary user, this means that most distributions (varieties) of Linux are free, and for programmers - that they can freely and free of charge use the program code of both Linux itself and the programs included in it and create their own products on their basis. The most you have to pay for is the packaging and CDs on which the Linux distribution is recorded.
Another important difference between Linux and Windows is that Linux distributions come with a wide range of application software. That is, after installation on your computer, you have a completely ready-to-use system.
Apart from the above, Linux is a very powerful and stable OS. Using it on the Web pays off, and it's not that easy to hack.
In Linux, there is no division into disks C, D, and the process of communicating with devices is very convenient. All devices have their own system file, all disks are connected to the same file system and it all looks like a monolithic one. A clear directory structure allows you to find any information instantly. For library files - its own directory, for executable files - its own, for files with settings - its own, for device files - its own, and so on.
The modularity of the kernel allows you to connect any OS services without restarting the computer. In addition, you can remake the OS kernel itself, since the kernel sources are also available in any distribution. Linux OS also uses the idea of multitasking, i.e. any processes in the system are executed simultaneously (compare with Windows: copying files to a floppy disk and trying to listen to music at this moment are not always compatible).
As a result of these peculiarities of its creation and development, Linux acquired very specific "character traits". On the one hand, it is a typical UNIX system, multiuser and multitasking. But on the other hand, Linux is unmatched in customization and application flexibility. You can use it at the level at which win95 works - that is, have a graphical desktop with all the signs of it under Windows: icons, taskbar, context menu, etc. Moreover, you can install a desktop will not differ in appearance and function from Windows. "(Generally speaking, there are a huge number of window manager options for Linux)
Linux proponents are often accused of listing the disadvantages of Windows when talking about the advantages of Linux. But this is often inevitable, since everything is learned by comparison, and most computer users are now only familiar with Windows. So what does Linux give?
Benefits of Linux OS
1. As a free system, Linux is available to users for free. You can easily download "Axis" from the Internet or order a disc or box by mail at a very trivial price. One copy of the operating system can be installed on an unlimited number of computers without any conditions. In addition, since the Linux code is open source, the system can be freely modified and redistributed, even on a commercial basis.
2. Don't be afraid that Linux will become obsolete in the future. The fact is that UNIX, on which the OS was built, has been tested and optimized for 35 years, proving it to be extremely efficient, reliable and secure. Work on Linux does not stop for a second, and new versions of the operating system "keep the brand".
3. Companies with hundreds of thousands of computers, having switched to Linux, may not monitor the compliance of the license of each of the software components on each machine. These companies are not afraid of sudden checks of BSA (Business Software Alliance) employees who check the license for
MS Windows, MS Office, etc. and, having found the slightest inconsistencies, they will write out impressive fines.
4. Linux has long been famous for being less susceptible to viruses, Trojans, worms, spyware and other malware. The secret of the developers' success lies in the fact that they initially focused their efforts on system security, and did not think about it when the real problems appeared. For example, one of the original protection methods: a Linux user is not authorized in the system as an administrator, thereby protecting vital system files even in the event of an intruder.
5. Linux almost never crashes, after which you have to restart your computer. If we remember about large companies, then here they are also in unconditional gain, because literally a couple of minutes of inactivity of the entire connected system can result in huge losses. It is not difficult to guess the reason again: from the very beginning, the developers tried to make the operating system as stable and convenient as possible, and we can say with confidence that they have achieved this.
6. As another feature of Linux, it should be noted the possibility of very fine tuning. Contrary to popular belief, customizing Linux for yourself will not cause any problems for a more or less experienced user. During installation, you can specify a variety of options to help you choose the configuration that's right for you. Whether it's a computer exclusively for work, a media center, a laptop, a web server, a storage server, or even a network router.
7. Linux is renowned for its excellent compatibility with other operating systems. For example, it can read, write, copy, erase and perform other actions with files located on the partitions of the hard disk where Windows is installed without any problems.
8. For technical universities Linux is becoming a real boon. The openness of the code provides tremendous opportunities for learning about the structure of a computer, and not just how to work with it. Many teachers do believe that it is much more useful for students to learn the basics of computing, which will serve to create more and more advanced computers in the future, rather than practice in programs such as Microsoft Word or Microsoft PowerPoint, which change with each new version, and after a few years are becoming obsolete.
Disadvantages of Linux OS
1. Insufficient application programs for Linux.
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Pros and cons of Windows XP
Conclusion
Disadvantages and advantages of Windows
Windows is by far the most widely used operating system manufactured by Microsoft Corporation.
The operating system Windows XP has been released since October 2001 and is a continuation and development of Windows 2000. What the name itself says: XP - from the English. experience
Unlike the previous model, Windows XP is exclusively a client option, suitable for individuals for personal and work use. The server version of this system is, released later, Windows Server 2003. Both operating systems are built on the platform of the same kernel, so they are developed and updated in parallel.
There is the following gradation: Windows XP Professional Edition and Windows XP Home Edition.
Windows XP Professional is an operating system designed for corporate use, businesses and entrepreneurs. The peculiarity of this Windows is file encryption using the Encrypting File System program, the ability to centrally manage access rights and support for multiprocessor systems, remote desktop access, etc.
Windows XP Home is a lightweight and stripped-down version of XP Professional. Unlike its older brother, XP Home is noticeably cheaper, but if you install certain programs and carry out updates, the version can be expanded to a full-fledged XP Professional.
Pros and cons of Windows XP
Multi-user system. Separation of rights to access various directories and launch programs and applications. Also, you can quickly change the user and run programs with the rights of another.
Interface. Appearance XP is easy to use and attractive. Many programs and drivers for the design of your personal Windows can be downloaded on the Internet (for example: styles, boot screens, plugins, logons, etc.). Installation of new design systems is possible. Each style element is self-configurable.
File system. Transaction support allows you to conveniently and fearlessly use files, move documents freely from place to place, without fear of a sudden system failure or power outage. The data will not be erased, but will remain intact. The NTFS 5 file system makes it possible to separate the attributes of files and folders for access. There are many more options related to encryption and compression of certain files and folders to save disk space.
Protection. The XP core is secured by separating the protection rings. The kernel is located in the third ring, from where you can command the hardware (ring0), and for example, in the third ring (ring3) there are user applications, and the equipment is not directly accessible from there.
In the depths of Windows XP, many programs are hidden that prevent the spread and non-stop ingestion of data by Trojans or other viruses.
There is one more secret: in order to work, in addition to the administrator account, you should create another one - a limited account. And carry out all operations in it. If you catch a virus, then it will not receive all the privileges of the administrator account.
Stability of work. Windows XP has restore points. Therefore, in the event of a system crash, when calling a specialist, it is possible to fully restore your programs, documents, favorite photos, music and videos.
System requirements. XP is a rather "gluttonous system". The processor requires at least 500 MHz frequency and more than 128 MB of RAM.
Component incompatibility. There are often questions about inappropriate hardware for a computer. In fact, the question is not in the components, but in the drivers, for advice and the correct installation of which it is better to contact a specialist.
Software incompatibility. As with drivers, Windows XP can be capricious about programs.
Windows Vista is a newer client operating system. For corporate clients, there is Windows Server 2008, which has its own Office 2007.
Windows Vista has been updated with new features such as Hybrid Sleep.
The most common:
Vista Home. Supports up to 2 processors, touch screens, automatically backs up information. Vista Home does not support EFS file encryption and does not have the ability to join a domain.
Vista Business supports up to 2 processors, but does not have parental control, entertainment applications have been cut down and the entire multimedia part is very modest. But there is the ability to work in a domain, file encryption system - EFS. More suitable for offices and work computers.
Pros and cons of Windows Vista
Nice graphics and improved logic model of interaction of graphics with devices.
The ability to use the capacity of external media as RAM, via USB. As practice shows, this increases productivity by 30%.
Improved security. Compared to Windows XP, Vista has proven to be less vulnerable to viruses, worms and Trojans. Also, on each protection ring, the system requests data and passwords, thereby exercising control over the I / O window and preventing data capture by third-party programs.
EFS file encryption system. This system is available only for Windows Vista Business and Ultimate. It is needed to create and encrypt files, change the length of the user's key, store the key, and request encryption of user folders.
Slowness of action. Often, only some Vista programs run faster, otherwise you have to wait an extra minute
Required digital signature. Digital signature - verification and uniqueness of a digital document. Previously, users could differentially digitally sign, but for Vista it is a prerequisite, which makes it much more difficult to work with open source drivers. windows interface home groups
Test "Hardware Functionality Scan". This Microsoft test is designed specifically to test new hardware that must be passed or Vista will not allow the component to play.
Windows 7 can be positioned as “anti-Vista”. "Seven", for example, does not even try to dazzle you with flickering new visual effects. With the removal of Vista applications like Photo Gallery and Movie Maker, Win 7 is really capable of less than Vista. Even its inappropriate name speaks to this - a departure from the "epoch-making", pompous names that began with the unsuccessful Windows Millennium Edition.
However, the lack of external gloss is a huge advantage of Windows 7. Unlike the increasingly chaotic, annoying users of Microsoft operating systems-predecessors, Windows 7 is designed so that there is no complaints about it and can be efficient and useful to work.
Although, like any software, the new operating system has its pros and cons. Let's take a look at some of them.
Windows 7 is not as greedy as Vista in memory consumption. One of the many shortcomings of the initial version of Windows Vista was that the beautiful Aero interface was so resource-hungry that the majority of early 2007 computers simply didn’t physically “pull” the new operating system, even though it was labeled “Vista capable”. The "Seven" will not have any problems with the download speed and its operation (even on small and weak-powered PCs, known as netbooks).
The Taskbar has been radically updated - the developers have finally gotten ahead of themselves, because after Windows 95 this panel and the system tray have undergone only minor changes. In Windows 7, both the panel and the tray were "cleaned up" and, albeit belatedly, "refreshed". And for the most part, the results are extremely pleasing and pleasing to the eye.
Panel Windows tasks 7 provides better previews, context-sensitive Jump Lists, and other features to help speed up the process of managing applications and windows.
The new Taskbar has no pop-up text messages by default and relies solely on icon icons, so it makes better use of screen space. Its “thumbnails” are a step forward compared to its predecessor, which work great even with multiple open windows in one application. And the new Jump Lists feature, when right-clicked, provides access to a context-sensitive menu of functions (such as the ability to shuffle music in Windows Media Player), even before the application is launched. ...
The new system tray (aka the notification area) provides high-precision control over active applications. In general, the innovation of the taskbar is welcome, although the boundaries around active applications are not clearly distinguishable.
It can only be welcomed that Microsoft dramatically reduced the amount of auxiliary "pop-up" information that distracted, annoyed and annoyed many users.
The infamous User Account Control function is now also less annoying for users. After all, Windows Vista, roughly speaking, simply “annoys” users, constantly monitoring user accounts, in an attempt to warn you against being infected with viruses and other malicious programs that can manipulate your system. Windows 7 has two intermediate options that only sound the alarm if the program changes the installation options. Moreover, the new version uses such a reasonable approach that it becomes even more mysterious how Microsoft managed to solve this issue so unsuccessfully and badly in the Vista version.
For years, Microsoft has tried to get Windows users to keep all of their personal files in one place, courtesy of the My Documents folder. However, many of us carelessly ignore this proposal and store files where God will put it. Windows 7 has a new feature, Libraries, which provides virtual folders for documents, music, photos, and videos that combine the contents of folders you point to for a single viewing experience. For example, the Image Library shows absolutely all photos, even if they are stored in dozens of different places. However, there is room for further improvement - this feature would be even more useful if it were integrated with the existing Saved Search feature, and this would create another new, separate virtual folder.
A lot of interesting things can be expected from the fact that Windows 7 is the first version of the OS with special support for multitouch input. For example, if she notices that you opened the Start menu with your finger rather than the mouse (of course, this requires a touchscreen), you will see a version of the menu with less navigation fidelity. However, Windows 7 can bring up an abundance of exciting new applications.
The HomeGroups function, which allows you to distribute media functions, sounds cool, but disappointing on closer inspection, since it only works with PCs on which Windows 7 is installed, and in general it looks damp.
The idea itself is great! HomeGroups is a way to share folders full of media files and documents between computers over the network, so that you can, for example, admire the photos that are stored on the desktop in your office, on the laptop in the living room. However, the implementation of this idea is surprisingly “underdeveloped”. For example, instead of allowing you to specify the password during installation, it is assigned by the computer and consists of ten alphanumeric gibberish, which must still be written down and not lost. Moreover, HomeGroups also work only if all computers support Windows 7. Although the option that would also work with XP and Vista, not to mention Mac OS, would be much cooler.
The bad news is that you can't upgrade directly from Windows XP. If you want to upgrade your PC from XP to 7, you need to start from scratch, reinstall all applications and re-create your settings. (But the Windows Vista user can choose to install the "seven" over their current OS, although not for all occasions). Microsoft's decision not to allow XP to upgrade to Windows 7 is justified in some measure - a new install is likely to be more reliable than a install over an 8-year-old XP.
There is no reason to believe that Windows 7 will require fewer patches than earlier versions of operating systems. If you use the update method recommended by Microsoft, it is fraught with a very long delay, because your computer will still require you to shut it down so that it can update, then reboot, etc. this aggressive, retro approach to updates that carries with it the same assertiveness of Windows of yesteryear.
Windows 7 both looks and works differently than Windows Vista, but if you dig deeper, the differences are not nearly as radical. A slight headache is expected with driver and software incompatibilities, but experience has shown that even early pre-release versions of Windows 7 ran surprisingly smoothly. However, when millions of people install Windows 7 on an infinite number of their PCs, it is unlikely that absolutely everything will ***** and a hitch, they will surely face problems that Microsoft did not foresee.
The shortcomings of Windows Vista have been written, rewritten and talked about. Microsoft itself has acknowledged and acknowledged its failure. All sorts of marketing attempts to whitewash Vista's reputation have come almost nowhere.
We can assume that this time users will be more cautious about migrating to a new operating system. Caution never hurts.
Many of those who will install Windows 7 at the earliest opportunity will be happy with what they have done. Others will prefer to get things set up and smoothed out first, so that there are no unexpected crashes with applications and drivers - and they will be even happier. If you have one obsolete computer, it is quite advisable to postpone the purchase of Windows 7 until the time when you are ready to buy a new PC on which the “seven” will already be installed. (Based on the article by Alexander Levshin)
Conclusion
An operating system consists of common programs or firmware that enable efficient use of the hardware. The operating system is primarily a resource manager; it manages processors, memory, I / O devices, and data.
Operating systems have gone through a number of generations in their development. Computing machines the zero generation in the 40s did not have operating systems. In the 1950s, batch processing capabilities appeared in the first generation machines. In the early 1960s, second-generation systems were the first to implement such computation modes as multiprogramming, multiprocessor mode, time sharing and real-time mode, as well as the concept of program independence from input / output devices. The systems of the third generation (mid 60s - mid 70s) were mostly universal, they provided for operation in many modes. They became like a software layer between the hardware and the user. Currently, the dominant position is occupied by systems of the fourth generation, including means for computer networks, for personal computers, virtual machine operating systems, database systems and distributed data processing systems.
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Pros and cons of modern Windows
A long time ago, when computers were low-performance and large, and the archaic MS-DOS acted as the main operating system, the emergence of an OS with a graphical interface was perceived by users as nonsense. A beautiful graphical interface of the OS, a convenient "mouse" manipulator, ease of use in comparison with the same DOS - all this once made a real revolution and to this day pleases users of simple PCs. However, time passed, computers changed, thanks to the programmers Microsoft Windows became “beautiful” and “smarter”. And now, in the reincarnation of modern Windows XP, we see an almost perfect product created for a fairly wide audience of users. I mentioned the word "practically" for a reason. Today, there is also a process of constant improvement of the most famous and widespread OS in the world. The release and wide distribution of a new version of "windows" - Windows Longhorn, which will replace the gradually outdated Windows XP, is not far off. In the meantime, we live with what we have.
What do we have today? And today we have an almost perfect operating system. In general, the word "almost" can be removed, since any modern OS always has something to strive for. Therefore, today we will talk about the bright advantages and disadvantages of one of the most famous and widespread operating systems in the world - modern Windows XP. Of course, this review does not claim to be comprehensive, but we will nevertheless touch on some features of the OS. In order not to philosophize slyly, I propose to list and describe, in my opinion, the typical advantages and disadvantages of Win XP point by point. It will be more logical that way. First, as expected, we will praise, and only after - we will chide a little. Well, let's get started!
Advantages of modern Windows XP:
Widespread product distribution
I bet that in 99% of cases, Windows is installed as the main operating system on simple user machines. Therefore, when you come to visit a friend or to your work, you can easily transfer a couple of pictures, text files or clips from a flash drive. Prevalence is the main parameter that plays a crucial role in the massive use of a particular OS. And it should be noted that Windows in this regard has long been ahead of its competitors. Windows was originally conceived as a commercial OS. The word "commercial" means support by the operating system of any hardware and any software, as well as a guarantee and long-term service of developers. All these characteristics satisfy the demand of the majority of users around the world (in other words, everyone, in fact, wants one thing - simplicity, convenience and quality). As a result, the widespread distribution of this famous operating system that meets all of the above society requirements. Also, the degree of prevalence is far from the last influence is exerted by the ease of use of a particular OS. For mass distribution in a user environment, the operating system must be simple and straightforward. We can say that Win quite satisfies these user requirements. Unlike Windows, the complexity of installing, configuring, and running the OS has played a cruel joke with Linux. Working with the Linux file system is far from being as clear to an ordinary user as working in Windows, and the prevalence of this product is much lower. Although Linux is today a much faster operating system than Windows, it also requires much less system resources to perform the same tasks. In addition, this free for development OS today has a large number of different reincarnations and branches (Mandrake, Red Hat, etc.), which ultimately does not play in favor of Linux. With the prevalence of the Mac OS, the developers had another blunder. Initially, Mac OS, like Windows, was also developed as a commercial operating system. At one time she was even much more popular than her "soft" counterpart. However, in the history of the distribution of Mac OS, the developers themselves were to blame. It was they who initially closed their operating system for most third-party software developers, which, in fact, doomed it to extinction among ordinary users. In contrast, the competent policy of the authors and developers of Windows, ease of use, openness and clarity of the final product for the common user made Windows the undisputed leader in prevalence among all operating systems existing today.
Nice interface
Indeed, when you use the same OS every day, you stop noticing the beauty of its design. Therefore, for comparison, it is enough to mentally go back a dozen years ago, compare Windows XP with its predecessors, and everything will become clear to you.
And remember the moment when you saw her for the first time. I was taken with the spirit of the brightness of the colors and colors of the design style. Although beauty is a controversial issue (some like the interface of the "apple" OS, some - Linux). However, from my point of view, modern Windows XP can compete only with Mac OS X in terms of color and style of interface design. These two operating systems are rightfully considered the most attractive today, and it is with them that all other "brothers in mind" are compared. In addition, using the standard toolbar, any Windows XP user will be able to customize its interface, as they say, for himself. There are a lot of different settings here: screensavers, several different styles of design, fill colors, color rendering modes and screen resolutions - everything for every taste. In addition to the standard styles, the user can use any other style of the graphical interface from a third-party manufacturer (for example, there are variations like Mac OS X, Linux, etc.). Is modern Win's interface user-friendly? 90% yes. However, sometimes with its confusion, this OS can confuse an inexperienced user. However, there is nothing to complain about here. Some confusion is the lot of all Windows reincarnations. And this problem is unlikely to be corrected in the future with the general complication of the OS structure.
OS stability
In general, the stability of modern Windows can be called acceptable. However, the word "acceptable" here must be accompanied by a host of qualifications:
1. Acceptable stability of the OS becomes only after its high-quality and competent tuning - there is no need to talk about an unconfigured system (as well as an unconfigured guitar) here.
2. The stability of modern Windows also largely depends on the version of the product and the presence of installed service packs and add-ons - alas, without their presence, the OS often crashes.
3. The stability of Windows XP also depends on the applications themselves installed on the OS by the user: the more stable they are in operation and the more compatible with the Windows software shell itself, the less failures we will be able to observe in the operation of the main OS.
4. The stability of the modern Win is greatly influenced by the hardware itself, which is used in conjunction with the operating OS. Often the incompatibility or incorrect operation of this or that equipment is easily attributed by some users to the "glitchiness" of Windows. Then, curses are used to address poor uncle Bill - in short, everything ends badly: the OS does not work, the assembled PC is idle with crooked hands. Of course, it is always easy to shove all problems on Windows, but after all, no operating system has yet coped with the problems of iron incompatibility.
5. Also, device drivers have an impact on the stable operation of modern Windows XP. These mini-programs, which are responsible for pairing certain software with certain hardware, truly work wonders. For example, I used to have a Genius 56K modem driver on my PC every day, which, by the way, was supplied on the accompanying disk to the modem itself. After downloading a fresh driver from the Internet and installing it further, the problem disappeared by itself. Exactly the same problems today arise with a lot of other users - a lot in the operation of a device is solved by the version of this or that driver. If we consider the drivers written for video adapters, then based on their releases, you can easily build a pedigree of the most famous computer games, their additions, updates, etc. The fact is that today the release of the next video drivers is most often timed to coincide with the release of a video game. Many video drivers are written specifically for a specific instance of the game and for a specific instance of a video card. The purpose of such a focus is only one - to maximize the performance of the video adapter. Such drivers usually accompany the games themselves on the same game installation discs. By and large, the release of new drivers is always the elimination of errors in old ones, plus "sharpening" for the most modern computer games and popular benchmarks for testing
performance of video adapters. Therefore, the "curvature" of the drivers installed on the OS plays an important role in the normal functioning of modern Windows XP.
6. The use of the Internet and the number of viruses caught as a result of surfing living in the vastness of the World Wide Web also directly affects the stability of the OS. Yes, these virtual "animals" are capable of turning work into hell on any computer. Sudden and frequent reboots, spontaneous shutdown of the computer, unauthorized access of the computer to the Internet and other "joys" of virtual life are a sure sign that your PC is infected with these cute "animals". In general, Windows XP is able to work for a fairly long time (more than a year) without any special problems and the need to reinstall the OS (of course, subject to all the precautions I described above). However, anything can happen, anything can happen, the computer can break down, the bride can stop loving ... then everything is like in a well-known poem. Everything comes to an end sometime. And the stability of Windows XP is, unfortunately, no exception.
Good compatibility with 3rd party products and native applications of various versions
Yes this is true. Today, modern Windows is able to correctly understand any file types that appear in its early reincarnations... If we recall the same file extensions, it becomes clear that their ancestor, in fact, is the same primitive and archaic OS, once bought from a third-party developer and brought to mind by Microsoft - MS-DOS. This continuity of file formats runs like a thread through all versions of Windows, which in itself is just wonderful. Why? For example, in Mac OS, unfortunately, there is practically no such continuity of file formats. This means that under the "apple" OS of previous generations, many files and programs of modern Mac OS X simply cannot be launched. And vice versa: modern Mac OS X is often unable to work with files of the same Mac OS 7.0. For correct operation, it is necessary to convert files using special programs... The same problem is common for many other alternative operating systems. I am glad that this is not the case in modern Windows XP. Today, the user can comfortably work with all types of files created in any version of Windows. Moreover, this continuity is inherited in everything: in the names of file extensions, in their types, in their correct launch and operation under the appropriate software. The same can be said about the work of the programs themselves. I won't even talk about products from "small-soft" (Microsoft Office, etc.) - here everything is clear to everyone: they simply have to be supported (although there were some incidents here too - for example, files created in Microsoft Word 95, do not open correctly in later versions of this application - usually all page markup goes to hell). Third-party products usually work correctly on any version of Windows (except for "sharpening" for a specific version, which developers usually honestly warn about when accompanying the program). Thus, for example, a program written for Windows 98 should work correctly with Windows XP - this is the idea of the developers and this is the structure of the OS itself. And if no mistakes were made when writing the program code of this or that application, and it was optimized for the resources of the Windows shell, then the program will work normally under any version of Windows.
However, I will put a fly in the ointment in a barrel of honey. Unfortunately, even the modern OS from Microsoft completely refuses to accept files created in third-party OS. One gets the impression that fellow programmers from Microsoft have never heard of other operating systems: Linux, Mac OS, etc. Was it really hard to create support for the native files of these wonderful alternative operating systems ?! I'm not even talking about the correct operation of these files under the appropriate software - Windows often simply does not see them at all on this or that storage medium. It also does not accept "enemy" file systems. It's a shame! But there is an unparalleled field of work for Microsoft programmers! Why is it still not being held? The mystery of nature! For example, the overwhelming majority of files created in earlier versions of Mac OS are simply not visible in the standard explorer of modern Windows XP! Unlike Windows, many types of files (yes, there are many - the overwhelming majority!), Inherent in the platform of "soft", the same Mac OS are perceived quite correctly. They can not only be moved, but also opened correctly in similar applications created for the Apple Macintosh platform. However, we will talk about this later, when we consider the most typical shortcomings of modern Windows.
Hardware Compatibility
Any more or less "advanced" user clearly understands how important it is to have good operating system support for this or that equipment. Device drivers play an important role in this understanding between the OS and the hardware. They are designed for compatibility of a specific hardware with a specific OS. It is no exaggeration to note that Windows is the only operating system of its kind that is capable of "correctly" working with the vast majority of modern hardware designed to work with a computer. Have you seen today, say, a printer or scanner whose accompanying drivers are written only for Linux or Mac OS? Of course not! Due to its widespread prevalence, modern Windows today is simply obliged to support any computer hardware and peripherals. Therefore, today in the world the largest number of drivers and their versions are written specifically for Windows. Installation drivers today usually come with the hardware itself on a companion disc or floppy disk. Moreover: for a large number of hardware in the base of Windows itself today there are standard drivers installed in the operating system by its developers. So, for example, for a SIS 6326 video card or an Epson LX printer today, it is not at all necessary to look for an installation disk with drivers. Windows itself will detect the newly installed hardware and correctly install the driver for it from its database. However, a reservation should be made here: drivers in the Windows database are not present for all equipment, especially new ones. Most often there you can find a driver for equipment that is outdated today. In general, the modern OS supports all modern types of devices designed to work with a computer: scanners, printers, information digitization devices, modems, tuners, IR sensors, network cards, disks, flash drives (by the way, the same USB drives with hot plug / unplug began to be supported as standard Windows devices relatively recently), as well as many other Windows-compatible computer hardware and peripherals.
A wide variety of development environments
It is clear that a large number of programs for Windows simply would not exist if it were not for the same large number of development environments. It is no exaggeration to note that today there are the largest number of development environments for Windows in comparison with any alternative operating system. Most of these are high-level and low-level programming languages: Perl, Java, C ++, Delphi, Python and many others with numerous varieties and clones. Today, using C ++ and Delphi, any programmer can create an arbitrarily complex program for Windows. The situation is also improved by the fact that on the Web you can find a lot of ready-made lessons and examples on programming. Today, numerous sites and forums on the Internet are devoted to the problems of programming for Windows, where everyone can communicate with like-minded people, ask a question that interests him and, of course, get an answer to it.
High level of "fool resistance"
I apologize for the "purely correct jargon in terms of concepts", but I still have not found another substitute for this word. In my understanding, foolishness is a parameter that characterizes the ability of a particular OS to survive the actions of an unreasonable user (in the common people "teapot"). Killing modern Windows is not easy. To do this, you need to at least break the system bootloader (for example, delete the BOOT.INI file in the root of the boot disk) or delete the critical system files of the OS shell itself. Fortunately, "crooked" users, most of these files are skillfully hidden by the developers of "melkosoft" far away. And a working OS just won't let you delete system files. To do this, you need to at least boot into safe mode and delete system files from under it. Have you ever tried to delete the treasured folder called Windows located on the system drive (or, for example, the Program Files folder)? I dare to assume that if you tried to do this with the "ill-fated glitch OS", then you probably did not succeed. For these purposes, you must at least boot into MS-DOS or delete all specified folders from under another OS. In addition, according to the intention of the Windows developers themselves, fool resistance is significantly increased due to the presence of a hidden mode of displaying system files and folders. By activating this, you will never again be able to intentionally or unintentionally harm the work of your OS - system files in this mode are simply not displayed. And if so, then you simply cannot do anything with them (at least through the standard Windows Explorer).
Wide range of OS customization options
Modern Windows has a fairly wide range of customization options. Today, with the right approach, every PC user will be able to customize the operating system to suit his needs. And this applies to absolutely everything: the hardware installed in the PC, programs and applications, drivers, PC performance (setting through the BIOS and using the OS), the specifics of setting the operating system itself - in a word, almost everything can be configured in modern Windows. For a comprehensive OS customization, users have many options: configuring security policies, configuring the Windows interface and display modes, configuring running processes and installed programs, setting up drivers and all equipment and, of course, the user's main trump card is Windows setup using the system registry and special tweaker programs. With the correct and competent setting of the operating system, your computer will become much more stable and faster in operation and will delight the user with high performance for a long time. In addition, modern Windows XP is capable of supporting all the "gadgets" of modern hardware:
Multichannel audio and streaming video (thus, the modern PC today, first of all, has become not a workhorse, but a multimedia entertainment center).
Operating system support for processor instructions (with their help, work with a large amount of information becomes much more efficient: anti-aliasing and filtering modes for video processors; support for 3D-NOW, SSE, MMX and other CPU instructions to increase performance and reduce power consumption when the computer is idle).
More efficient 64-bit computing (today there is a gradual, but sure transition of users from a 32-bit platform to a 64-bit platform, and there are all the prerequisites for this - 64-bit processors and 64-bit Windows XP).
All of the above features leave the impression of a truly developed and intellectually advanced OS. However, the convenience of the location of many of the settings wishes to be better and more compact. But we'll talk about this a little later, when we consider the shortcomings of modern Windows XP.
And that's all for today. To be continued.
Goldman, [email protected]