How to determine an iq above 140. What is IQ and how does it work? IQ of famous people

Highest IQ in the world. Top 10 smartest people, photo.

The brain is the most mysterious part of the human body. It is the brain that is responsible for our mental abilities. But why is the intelligence of some people different from the intelligence of “mere mortals?” There are a lot of hypotheses on this score, but they all remain assumptions. There was no reliable direct relationship between brain size, heredity, nationality, environment, intensity of learning and superpowers.

For example, scientists examined Einstein's brain, but did not find any differences in its composition, size and weight from the brains of other people. As a rule, children with outstanding mental abilities are born into simple families. Education, of course, matters, but often brilliant children demonstrate their intelligence in infancy.

Let scientists continue to put forward hypotheses, conduct research and write dissertations (this is their bread) to reveal the nature of genius, but for now let us consider that genius is a gift of God.

There are many highly intelligent people living on the planet. To rank geniuses, they usually use an indicator such as IQ - intelligence quotient. Of course, intelligence includes so many components that no test will give an absolutely accurate indicator of the level of intelligence, moreover, there is no single standard for IQ tests yet, but today the world has not come up with anything better.

Top 10 record holdersIQin the world.

Only famous people with generally recognized transcendental intellectual abilities participate in this rating. It is likely that there are people in the world who will show best results, but they are either unknown to anyone or deliberately do not advertise their abilities. Not all intellectuals agree to take this test. For example, the famous St. Petersburg mathematician Grigory Perelman, who proved the Poincaré conjecture, did not pass this test. Looks like he has more important things to do.

The most famous IQ test is the Eysenck test. More accurate are the tests of D. Wexler, J. Raven, R. Amthauer, R. B. Cattell. Typically, intellectual examinees take several different tests. For example, the scores of different tests for the only woman in this rating range from 170 to 228 points. Therefore, this rating shows a certain average indicator for each intellectual.

Garry Kasparov (Weinstein), grandmaster - IQ 190.

Garry Kasparov shocked the world when he became the youngest overall world chess champion at the age of 22 in 1985, defeating defending champion Anatoly Karpov. In 2003, Kasparov drew with a chess computer that could calculate three million chess positions per second.

Philip Emeagwali, scientist - IQ 190.

Nigerian scientist, winner of the 1989 Gordon Bell Prize awarded by the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers. Received an award for using a supercomputer to monitor oil fields. The uniqueness of the device lies in the fact that it consists of 65,000 parallel processors.

Marilyn vos Savant, Austrian-born American writer, playwright and journalist - IQ 190.

The only representative of the fair sex on this list. The surname Savant comes from French verb savoir ("to know") and means "sage". From 1986 to 1989, Sawant was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the owner of the highest IQ among women. Honorary member of Mensa, an organization for people with high IQs. Perhaps Marilyn is the only woman on this list because the authors of all versions of IQ tests are men.

Mislav Predavets(Mislav Predavec), Croatian mathematician - IQ 192.

A professor of mathematics in the Croatian capital of Zagreb, Mislav is also the owner and director of a small trading company.

Ranks 7th on the list of the 10 smartest people in the world. Mislav is the founder and president of the elite society of the smartest people in the world, GenerIQ. It is worth noting that the number of members of this elite society of intellectuals does not exceed two dozen geniuses. Obviously, not all child prodigies want to join this community. However, this does not detract from the merits of this Croatian.

Rick Rosner American television producer, screenwriter and actor - IQ 192.

Rick Rosner worked as a doorman, waiter, fashion model, and stripper until he got a job as a television screenwriter. IQ is not always proportional to life achievements, not all the most smart people planets have academic degrees and titles. Rick Rosner is just such an exceptional case.

Rick Rosner describes himself as a "cognitive freak of nature." He took a ton of IQ tests and scored astronomically high. He has a certificate proving that he has an IQ of 192 - the uninhabited territory of geniuses like Isaac Newton and Leonardo da Vinci.

Christopher Michael Langan American astrophysicist - IQ 195.

Christopher began talking at 6 months, and at 3 years old he began to learn to read. According to Christopher himself, during his school years he was engaged mainly in self-study, independently comprehending mathematics, physics, philosophy, Latin and Greek. He considers himself self-taught.

For a long time he was considered “the most smart person in America." His IQ when passing various tests ranged from 195 to 210 points.

When Langan's genius became known, he said that he led a double life - he worked as a bouncer, a cowboy, a fireman in the forest service, a laborer, and in the evenings, returning home, he sat down to his work - the theory of the Cognitive Theoretical Model of the Universe (Theory of Interconnection between mind and reality).

Evangelos Katsuolis(Dr. Evangelos Katsioulis) - practicing Greek psychiatrist - IQ 198.

According to some reports, he passed one of the tests with an IQ of 258. Dr. Katsuolis has degrees in philosophy, medical research technology and psychopharmacology. Moreover he is good artist and an excellent swimmer.

Currently, Katsuolis is a member and even the founder of several societies for people with high IQs.

Kim Un-young, Korean engineer, child prodigy - IQ 210.

He began speaking and understanding Korean and other languages at 6 months. At 3-4 years old, he was already reading in Korean, Japanese, German and English, and also solving complex mathematical problems. At the age of 4 he demonstrated his abilities in live on Japanese television Fuji TV. At the age of 8 he was invited by NASA to undergo training in Colorado State University. In 1978 he returned to Korea, where he worked at Chungbuk National University until 2007.

Now Kim is enjoying what he was previously deprived of as a child, that is, rest. He abandoned the career in science or business that his compatriots predicted for him. In one of his interviews, he said very important words: “There are not many people in the world who can do what they want, but I could. If this is not success, then what do you call a happy life?

Christopher Hirata, American astrophysicist of Japanese origin - IQ 225.

At the age of 14, Hirata entered the California Institute of Technology, and at the age of 16 he was already working at NASA on projects related to the colonization of Mars. At the age of 22, he received the title of Doctor of Science in astrophysics. Hirata explores dark energy, gravitational lenses and other interesting gizmos that are incomprehensible to mere mortals.

Terence Tao, now an American mathematician, Chinese origin from Australia - IQ 230.

Thus, Terence Tao is the most brilliant intellectual known to mankind today (if you go by IQ).
Tao had knowledge of basic arithmetic and mastered English by 2 years. By the age of 5, the little child prodigy could solve complex mathematical problems. At the age of 12, he already participated in the International Mathematical Olympiad. At the age of 24, Tao worked as a teacher at the University of California. Tao received the Fields Medal and medal featured in the film Good Will Hunting in 2006 at the age of 32. By the way Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman also refused the Fields Medal in 2006.

Information for those who want to compare their IQ level with representatives of this rating: the minimum IQ level according to the Eysenck test is 70 points, the Average IQ level ranges from 100 to 120 points. If you show results above 120 points, then you can brag about it. However, keep in mind that today any educational or entertainment site on the Internet may offer you to take a test for the notorious IQ, but it will not be the same test that the smartest inhabitants of our planet took.

People, especially adults, love to measure everything. Measure and count.

First of all, let's find out what the word "IQ" means? IQ ( intelligencequotient) , or IQ is an attempt to calculate a person’s intelligence, to quantify it in comparison with other people.

The concept of IQ first appeared in 1912. It was introduced by the German Wilhelm Stern. Currently, a huge number of IQ tests have proliferated, which to some extent neutralizes the informational value of the obtained value. There is no single standard for IQ tests, however, they all have general principle construction. As a rule, taking several tests gives a more accurate and objective result.

IQ tests were designed so that the results could be described by a normal distribution. In general, IQ describes people's mental state quite objectively. 50% of people have an IQ between 90 and 110, 25% have an IQ of less than 90, and another 25% have an IQ of more than 110. Let's take a closer look at what iq scores mean.

What do iq test results mean?

For example, if the IQ is less than 70, then the subject can be classified as having mild dementia, while an IQ of more than 145 indicates genius. The average IQ value is 100. What does average IQ mean? This means that a value of 100 marks the peak of the normal distribution of test scores.

Tests usually contain about 40 tasks of increasing difficulty. To pass, you will need spatial and logical thinking, the ability to compare quantities, arithmetic, and a creative approach, as when solving semester papers.

What affects IQ?

Do you think that IQ is given by nature once and for all? To some extent this is true, but there are a huge number of factors influencing it! This includes heredity, diet, ecology, and methods of education.

The test results, we repeat, are ambiguous. One thing is certain - IQ does not determine fate. What does the IQ test give? Just knowing your IQ score. You can be successful person with an IQ of less than 60 and a loser with an IQ of more than 130. Or this example. Arnold Schwarzenegger's IQ is 135, Sylvester Stallone's is only 54. And who is cooler is still not clear.

Today we learned what a person’s iq is. Find out your iq score, but don’t make hasty conclusions! And don't forget, a strict teacher and gaps in knowledge can create problems for any student, regardless of IQ level. In such cases, contact our authors, who always guard your reputation.

Last update: 06/03/2017

There's a lot of talk about IQ tests these days, but many people still don't know what those scores actually mean. What exactly is high level IQ? What about the average? How many points do you need to score to be considered a genius?

IQ, or intelligence quotient, is a score obtained on a standardized test designed to measure intelligence. Formally, it is believed that in the early 1900s with the introduction of the Binet-Simon test, but later it was revised, and the Stanford-Binet test acquired universality.
IQ tests have proven to be very popular not only among psychologists, but also among other specialists, but there is still a lot of debate about what exactly IQ tests measure and how accurate they are.
In order to adequately evaluate and interpret test results, psychometricians use standardization. This process involves administering the test to a representative sample of the population. Each participant takes the test under the same conditions as all other participants in the study group. This process allows psychometricians to establish norms or standards against which individual results can be compared.
When determining the results of an intelligence test, as a rule, the normal distribution function is used - a bell-shaped curve in which most results are located near or around the average score. For example, the majority of scores (about 68%) on the WAIS III test tend to fall between 85 and 115 points (with an average of 100). The remaining results are less common, which is why the area of the curve on which they are located is directed downward. Very few people (approximately 0.2%) score more than 145 (indicating a very high IQ) or less than 55 (indicating a very low IQ) on the test.
Because the average score is 100, professionals can quickly evaluate individual scores by comparing them to the mean and determining where they fall on a normal distribution scale.

More about IQ scores

In most modern IQ tests, the average score is set at 100 points with a standard deviation of 15 points - so that the scores follow a bell curve. This means that 68% of the results fall within one standard deviation from the mean (that is, between 85 and 115 points), and 95% fall within two standard deviations (between 70 and 130 points).
A score of 70 or below is considered low. In the past, this mark was considered an indicator mental retardation and intellectual disability, characterized by significant cognitive impairment. Today, however, IQ test results alone are not used to diagnose intellectual disability. Approximately 2.2% of people score below 70 points.
A score greater than 140 is considered a high IQ. Many people believe that a score of more than 160 points can indicate a person’s genius.
A high IQ is certainly closely related to academic performance, but is it related to success in life at all? Are there people truly more successful than their counterparts with lower IQs? Many experts believe that other factors, including .
That is, the scores are interpreted as follows.

The concept of “intelligence quotient” and the abbreviation IQ are familiar to almost everyone today. And everyone knows that this same coefficient can be assessed using special tests. But this is where the knowledge of many people who are far from psychology and related sciences ends.

So what is IQ, how is it measured, and should it be done at all?

Let's start with a short historical excursion. At the beginning of the 20th century in France, the state commissioned a psychologist Alfred Binet tests to determine the mental abilities of children. For this purpose, Binet developed a test, which is known today as “ IQ Test»

The test very quickly became popular, but not in France, but in the USA. As early as 1917, the US military began using IQ tests to classify soldiers. More than 2 million people have passed such an exam. IQ tests then began to be used by universities and private companies, which used them to screen applicants and potential employees.

The results of numerous studies allowed foreign experts to make the following generalizations:

Exactly 30 minutes are allotted to complete the test. The most reliable and reliable results indicating a person’s abilities are obtained in the range from 100 to 130 points; outside these limits, the assessment of results is not reliable enough.

In conclusion, it should be said that, according to a number of psychologists, tests developed in the West to determine IQ are not entirely suitable for Russia. Main reason: difference in the structure of intelligence different countries. Among Russians, the so-called “figurative” style of thinking predominates, that is, Russians often “think” with their hearts rather than with their heads. We just have to wait for ours to offer their own methods for assessing intelligence. While they are not there...

Story

The concept of intelligence quotient was introduced by the German scientist W. Stern in 1912. He drew attention to serious deficiencies in mental age as an indicator in the Binet scales. Stern proposed using the quotient of mental age divided by chronological age as an indicator of intelligence. IQ was first used in the 1916 Stanford-Binet intelligence scale.

Nowadays, interest in IQ tests has increased many times over, resulting in the emergence of a wide variety of unreasonable scales. Therefore, it is very difficult to compare the results of different tests and the IQ number itself has lost its informative value.

Tests

Each test consists of many different tasks of increasing difficulty. Among them are test tasks for logical and spatial thinking, as well as tasks of other types. Based on the test results, IQ is calculated. It has been noticed that the more test options a subject takes, the better results he shows. The best known test is the Eysenck test. More accurate are the tests of D. Wexler, J. Raven, R. Amthauer, R. B. Cattell. On at the moment There is no single standard for IQ tests.

The tests are divided by age group and show the development of a person corresponding to his age. That is, a 10-year-old child and a university graduate can have the same IQ, because the development of each of them corresponds to its age group. The Eysenck test is designed for the age group of 18 years and older, and provides a maximum IQ level of 180 points.

It is important to note that most of the tests that can be found on the Internet that claim to measure IQ are developed by incompetent organizations and individuals and usually significantly inflate the results. All studies showing the connection between IQ and intelligence, general problem-solving ability, academic and professional potential and other social consequences refer to the results of professional IQ tests, such as the Wechsler Test, etc.

What affects IQ

Heredity

The role of genetics and environment in IQ prediction is considered in Plomin et al.(2001, 2003) . Until recently, heredity was mainly studied in children. Various studies have shown heritability to be between 0.4 and 0.8 in the US, meaning, depending on the study, that between slightly less than half and well over half of the difference in IQ among children observed was due to their genes. The rest depended on the child’s living conditions and measurement error. Heritability between 0.4 and 0.8 suggests that IQ is “significantly” heritable.

Search for hereditary causes of IQ

Research has begun to explore the genetic differences between people with high and low IQs. Thus, the Beijing Genomics Institute is beginning massive GWAS studies of the genomes of people with high mental abilities. . The discovery of genetic causes may allow the invention of means to increase IQ. Nations that gain access to such technologies will be able to advance even further in economic, scientific and technological development.

Environment

The environment influences brain development. In particular, an unhealthy, restricted diet can reduce the brain's ability to process information. Research 25,446 people Danish National Birth Cohort led to the conclusion that eating fish during pregnancy and breastfeeding an infant increases its IQ.

Also, a study of more than 13 thousand children showed that breastfeeding can increase a child’s intelligence by 7 points.

Health and IQ

Adequate nutrition during childhood is critical for mental development; poor nutrition can reduce IQ. For example, iodine deficiency leads to a decrease in IQ by an average of 12 points. People with higher IQs generally have lower mortality rates and are less likely to suffer from disease.

Age and IQ

Although IQ itself signifies the rarity of intellectual ability in one's age group, mental ability generally peaks at age 26, followed by a slow decline.

The IQ of adults is determined to a much greater extent by genetics, compared to the environment, than the IQ of children. Some children are initially ahead of their peers in IQ, but then their IQ levels out relative to their peers.

Social consequences

Relationship to other tests and exams

There is a study that found a correlation of 0.82 between the general intelligence factor and the SAT score (the Russian equivalent of the exam - the Unified State Exam).

School performance

The American Psychological Association, in its report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995), notes that across all studies, children with high scores on IQ tests tend to learn more school material than their peers with lower scores. The correlation between IQ scores and grades is about 0.5. IQ tests are one way to select gifted children and create individual (accelerated) educational plans for them.

Labor productivity

According to Frank Schmidt and John Hunter, when hiring applicants without relevant experience, the most successful predictor of future performance is general intellectual ability. In predicting job performance, IQ has some effectiveness for all jobs studied to date, but this effectiveness varies depending on the type of job. Although IQ is more closely related to thinking abilities rather than motor skills, scores on IQ tests predict performance in all occupations. Given this, for the most skilled occupations (research, management), low IQ is more likely to be a barrier to sufficient performance, while for the least skilled occupations, athletic strength (arm strength, speed, endurance and coordination) is more likely to predict performance . Basically, the predictive power of IQ is associated with faster acquisition of relevant knowledge and skills in the workplace.

The American Psychological Association, in its report "Intelligence: Known and Unknown," notes that since IQ explains only 29% of the variance in job performance, other personality characteristics, such as interpersonal skills, personality traits, etc., are likely to do the same or great importance, but at the moment there are no tools as reliable for measuring them as IQ tests.

Income

Some studies have shown that intellectual ability and job performance are linearly related, such that higher IQ leads to higher job performance. Charles Murray, co-author of The Bell Curve, found that IQ has a significant impact on a person's income, regardless of the family and social class in which a person grew up.

The American Psychological Association, in its report “Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns” (1995), notes that IQ scores explain about one-quarter of the differences between people in social status and one-sixth of the difference in income.

Achievements in real life

The average IQ of population groups is associated with achievements in real life:

PhD 125
People with higher education 114
Incomplete higher education 105-110
Office workers and sales workers 100-105
High school graduates, skilled workers (for example, electricians) 100
Students who attended high school but did not graduate 95
Semi-skilled workers (e.g. tractor drivers, factory workers) 90-95
Completed school without senior classes (8 years) 90
Those who have not completed 8 years of school 80-85
Having a 50% chance of enrolling in high school 75

Average IQ of different professional groups:

Professional and technical workers 112
Managers and administrators 104
Office workers, sales workers, skilled workers, foremen and foremen 101
Semi-skilled workers (machine operators, service workers, including domestic workers; farmers) 92
Unskilled workers 87

Type of tasks that can be performed:

Adults who can master simple work skills 70
Adults who can harvest crops, repair furniture 60
Adults who can perform homework, simple carpentry 50
Adults who can mow lawns, do laundry 40

There are significant differences within and overlap between these categories. People with high IQs are found at all levels of education and occupational groups. The greatest differences occur for individuals with low IQs, who rarely graduate from universities or become professionals (IQ less than 90).

IQ and crime

The American Psychological Association, in its report “Intelligence: Known and Unknown,” notes that the correlation between IQ and crime is −0.2 ( feedback). A correlation of 0.20 means that the explained variance in crime is less than 4%. It is important to understand that the causal relationships between IQ test scores and social outcomes may be indirect. Children with poor school performance may feel alienated and, therefore, they are more likely to commit delinquency compared to children who perform well academically.

In The g Factor (Arthur Jensen, 1998), Arthur Jensen cites evidence that people with IQs between 70 and 90, regardless of race, are more likely to commit crimes than people with IQs below or above that range. with crime peaking at 80-90.

Other IQ effects

The average IQ of a country's population is related to GDP (see) and government efficiency.

Group differences

Floor

Most researchers believe that, in general, the average development of intelligence is approximately the same in men and women. At the same time, there is more variation among men: among them there are more both very smart and very stupid; that is, among people with very high or very low intelligence there are more men. There is also some difference in the severity of various aspects of intelligence between men and women. Until the age of five, these differences do not exist. From the age of five, boys begin to surpass girls in the area of spatial intelligence and manipulation, and girls begin to surpass boys in the area of verbal abilities. Among men, people with high mathematical abilities are much more common. According to the American researcher K. Benbow, among especially gifted people in mathematics, there is only one woman for every 13 men.

Race

Studies among US residents have shown a statistically significant gap between the average IQ of different racial groups.

According to The Bell Curve (1994), the average IQ of African Americans is 85, Hispanics are 89, Whites (European descent) are 103, Asians (Chinese, Japanese and Korean descent) are 106, and Jews are 113.

This gap can be used as a justification for the so-called. “scientific racism”, but according to some studies (Race_and_intelligence#cite_note-Dickens_.26_Flynn_2006-50) it is gradually declining.

In addition, the average IQ measured by older tests has been increasing over time. As a result of the Flynn effect, the average IQ of African Americans in 1995 matches the average IQ of whites in 1945 (Race_and_intelligence#cite_note-56). Such significant changes that have occurred over several decades cannot be explained by genetic factors.

The influence of social factors on IQ is confirmed by studies of orphans. In the United States, children of African descent raised by white adoptive parents have ~10% higher IQs than non-white adoptive parents. In the UK, black boarding school students have higher IQs than whites. (Race_and_intelligence#Uniform_rearing_conditions)

Country

Differences in average IQ between countries have been found. A number of studies have found a connection between a country's average IQ and its economic development, GDP (see, for example, IQ and the wealth of nations), democracy, crime, fertility and atheism. IN developing countries Environmental factors such as poor nutrition and disease likely lower the national average IQ.

IQ and success in science

Some studies have found that dedication and originality play a higher role in achieving success. However, Dr. Eysenck provides a review of IQ measurements (Roe, 1953) of eminent scientists, one level below Nobel laureates. Their average IQ was 166, although some scored 177, the maximum test score. Their average spatial IQ was 137, although it might have been higher at younger ages. Their average math IQ was 154 (range 128 to 194).

Criticism of IQ

IQ tests have been repeatedly criticized by scientists. Thus, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. A. Vasiliev discovered that in Eysenck’s IQ tests, a significant part of the problems were composed incorrectly or the author’s solutions were incorrect. Here are Vasiliev’s statements on this matter:

I...decided to study the tests without haste, especially since their answers systematically did not coincide with mine in problems from my professional areas: logic and geometry. And I discovered that most of the test author’s decisions were incorrect. And in some cases, the test subject can only guess the answer - it makes no sense to rely on logic.

It can be noted that IQ test tasks assess not only the abilities of logical, deductive thinking, but also inductive thinking. The rules for performing some IQ tests warn in advance that in some tasks the answers do not follow unambiguously from the task, and you need to choose the most reasonable or simple answer. This corresponds to many real life situations in which there is no clear answer.

If a person answered the same way as Eysenck, then he thereby only demonstrates the standardization of his thinking, a quick and predictable reaction to a simple stimulus. A little less flat man will think a hundred times before answering... There are countless possible solutions each such task. The smarter you are, the more likely it is that your decision will not coincide with the author's.
The practical meaning here is only one: for those who give the “correct” answer on the test, it will be easier to fit into the average education system and communicate with people who think the same way as him. In general, Eysenck tests for ideal averageness.

Without the goal of criticizing IQ tests, the Soviet psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky, however, showed in his works that the current IQ of a child says little about his prospects further education and mental development. In this regard, he introduced the concept of “zone of proximal development”.

Notes

Moreover, according to some studies, Germans on average have a higher IQ than citizens of other countries (unavailable link)
Plomin et al. (2001, 2003)
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Neisser et al." Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns. Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association (August 7, ). Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2006.
Bouchard TJ, Lykken DT, McGue M, Segal NL, Tellegen A (Oct 1990). " ". Science (journal) 250 (4978): 223–8. PMID 2218526.
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Gosso MF, de Geus EJ, van Belzen MJ, Polderman TJ, Heutink P, Boomsma DI, Posthuma D. The SNAP-25 gene is associated with cognitive ability: evidence from a family-based study in two independent Dutch cohorts
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