Installation of sewerage utilities in a multi-storey building. Sewage system in an apartment building: design and installation methods
Mostly, citizens of our country live in panel buildings, where the sewage system is apartment building equipped according to the built-in type. The sewer structure must be regularly inspected and repaired, as a result of which many problems can be avoided, such as clogging of pipes, flooding, unpleasant odors.
Based on this, it becomes clear that preventative maintenance and timely implementation current repairs sewer system should be one of the priorities facing not only those serving the house utility organizations, but also to the residents themselves. To do this, they need to know how the sewage system works in an apartment building: the diagram of which allows you to understand the principles of its operation (read also: " ").
Most residential high-rise buildings built during the USSR were designed so that the bathroom and bathtub were located next to the kitchen. Such a sewerage system in an apartment building made it possible to use a single sewerage network in the apartment. Read also: "".
This scheme looks like this: the wiring begins in the kitchen, and then passes through the bathroom and toilet, after which the wastewater is sent to a common sewer riser in a multi-storey building, the top of which is discharged to the roof of the building in order to provide ventilation. Single wiring is simple and performs excellent drain function waste water from a separate apartment to a common building riser. The operation of the wastewater disposal system is based on the gravity movement of liquid without additional pressure. Sometimes in such a system a sewer plug may be installed for debtors who do not pay for wastewater disposal.
This principle movement of wastewater is decisive when creating a sewerage system in an apartment building. The pipeline is laid at a certain angle. Its value is calculated by specialists in the field of engineering (sewage) systems.
It is important that the size of the slope is uniform throughout the entire pipeline, since otherwise blockages will appear in the places where it bends, and this will complicate the use of plumbing (more details: "").
When installing sewerage in an apartment building, the rules and regulations provide that:
- for pipes with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters, the slope should be 3%;
- for products with a diameter of 85-100 millimeters - 2%.
Since the sewerage scheme in each apartment assumes the presence of several drainage points, for each device it is necessary to correctly calculate the slope angle. A competent calculation based on SNiP for sewerage in an apartment building will allow you to avoid many problems in the future. The above percentage means that the slope for each meter of a pipeline with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters should be 3 centimeters. As a result, when the sink is installed 2 meters from the riser, the upper edge of the pipe should be raised by 6 centimeters.
Features of the sewer system in an apartment building
In the photo you can see what the sewerage system looks like in a high-rise residential building. In order for it to function smoothly, it needs periodic cleaning. Even with the correct calculation of the pipe slope, there is no guarantee that wastewater will flow freely into the riser. The reason for the appearance of blockages lies in the presence of contaminants in the sewer drains, which impede good flow. Sometimes in such cases it is necessary to replace the sewer riser in the apartment, which should not be delayed.Prevention (cleaning) of the sewer system is necessary. It should be carried out in places where plumbing fixtures are connected to the pipe through the holes in them. Maintenance repairs are also necessary on long runs, but they are not performed on short runs.
The optimal pipe slope does not apply to household appliances that are equipped with pumps that discharge waste liquid under pressure. The rules for using sewerage in an apartment building require the presence of a water seal or water plug. Thanks to this design solution, sewer gases cannot penetrate into living spaces. The siphon in which the water plug is formed is made of a curved shape. It contains water and drains that completely cover the diameter of the pipe.
Sewer repair and cleaning: rules and regulations
Modern sewerage in an apartment building should, first of all, be easy to use and safe. Besides internal network it has an outer part, which consists of collectors that combine several risers into a single system and remove wastewater outside the building. In addition, there are wells outside that collect sewage from several neighboring houses.
For apartment building external sewerage is the city centralized network (more details: " "). Since the sewer system is considered an integral element of modern comfortable life it must be constantly repaired and maintained in working order.
At the end of the last century, cast iron products were used to create sewer systems in houses. Their main advantage was their strength, but there were also plenty of disadvantages. Since they had significant weight, their installation was difficult. In addition, the rough inner surface allows all kinds of solid fractions and fats to settle on it. Since cast iron pipes are prone to frequent blockages, their service life is shorter than that of modern plumbing products.
Currently, plastic pipes are in demand because they are light in weight, durable, easy to install and have a smooth surface. Repairing them and giving them preventive maintenance is easier and faster. In addition, the cost of cast iron products is much more expensive. Preventing blockages is very important for the sewer system.
Cleaning from blockages happens:
- chemical;
- mechanical.
Apartment sewerage in multi-apartment residential buildings refers to a domestic sewer system designed for the removal of domestic and economic waste water and waste from human activity and domestic animals.
This purpose of the apartment sewer system determines the further type of urban wastewater disposal, and the division of the city sewer system into domestic, storm and industrial systems determines the prohibition of using the apartment sewer system for draining industrial waste.
Apartment sewerage description
Apartment sewerage refers to internal sewerage systems. The apartment's sewerage system includes all sewer pipes laid in the apartment up to the main sewer riser (centralized drainage pipe). All sewer risers of an apartment building are connected to the house sewer outlet.
Sewerage includes horizontal pipelines called bends, vertical pipelines called sewer risers and pipes from wastewater receivers called descents. The main part of apartment sewerage consists of horizontal sewer pipes (branches).
As a rule, horizontal sewer pipes are laid openly with a slope towards the risers. Hidden laying of branches behind removable building structures such as boxes is practiced. It is worth noting that according to the regulations, walling up sewer pipes in an apartment is prohibited.
Separately, it is worth noting about sewer cleaning and ventilation. These sewerage elements are required for the general house system, but more often than not are not included in the apartment sewerage system. Cleanings are needed to maintain the sewer system, and sewer ventilation removes harmful gas emissions from the risers.
Main regulatory documents, which determine the arrangement and design of the sewage system in the apartment are: SNiP 2.04.01–85; SP 40–102–2000; SP 40–107–2003.
Material for apartment sewerage
Basic modern material for sewerage inside the apartment these are polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sewer pipes. The diameter (internal) of sewer pipes is from 32 to 110 mm. For quick connection of PVC pipes, special sockets with inserted sealing gaskets are provided at their ends. The connection of such pipes is carried out by simply inserting one pipe into the socket of another. PP and PE pipes in apartments are connected using glue (cold welding).
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For turns, bends of branches and descents of sewer pipes, special sewer fittings are produced.
It is important to note that previously cast iron pipes were actively used for apartment sewerage. They remain in houses of old buildings and are actively being replaced by polymer pipes. For joining plastic and cast iron pipes sewerage, special adapters are used.
General rules for installing apartment sewerage
Sewage pipes are installed from each plumbing fixture in the apartment (wastewater receiver) that has a drain. Connection of receivers to the sewer system is carried out through siphons or ganders. An exception may be made for non-permanent plumbing fixtures ( washing machine, dishwasher). Their drains can be connected to a constantly used sewage system, for example, a sink, using outlet fittings and a flexible drain hose d=25mm.
All sewer pipes laid horizontally must have a slope towards the sewer riser equal to 3˚ for pipes 32-40-50 mm and 2˚ for pipes 85-110 mm. To more accurately calculate the slope, it is better to use the table.
The choice of sewer pipe diameter depends on the type of waste water receiver:
- To connect the toilet, use a 110 mm pipe or fitting or a special cuff;
- Stationary appliances (sink, washbasin) are connected via a siphon to drains of 40-40 mm, bathtub and shower to 50 mm outlets, main outlets of the apartment are made with works of at least 50 mm.
- Installation devices that have a drain (sink, washing machine) are connected to the sewer with 50 mm drain hoses 25-32 mm.
- The distance from the pipe to the building structure should not be less than 20 mm. Sewer pipes are secured to structures using special clamps.
What not to do when installing an apartment sewer system
In the apartment sewer system it is unacceptable:
- Sealing raster connections plastic pipes mortar;
- Rigid walling of plastic pipes with mortar and covering them with a screed;
- Transition from a large pipe to a smaller pipe (narrowing of the route);
- Device of reverse slopes from receivers.
It is worth noting that residential areas are something without which it is impossible to imagine a residential area in a modern metropolis. If just some twenty years ago, the mass construction of such buildings was just beginning to gain momentum, today, design solutions in this direction are impressive not only for their visualization, but also for their versatility. Considering the above, we can draw a completely logical conclusion that almost every second person in our state is a resident of a panel high-rise building, which, in turn, has a built-in sewer system. Unlike those people who at one time gave preference to suburban housing construction, the inhabitants of multi-storey buildings, for the most part, are deprived of all the main difficulties associated with the creation of private sewers, emptying cesspools and interruptions in water supply,
We are all accustomed to the fact that almost all problems can be solved using two valves. But everything is not as simple as it seems at first glance. The built-in sewerage system is a rather complex structure that requires not only constant inspection and performance monitoring, but also the replacement of quickly wearing parts. Many things depend on how well this communication is arranged, such as the presence of an unpleasant odor in the bathrooms, flooding of neighbors below and constant blockages. Therefore, high-quality prevention, as well as planned repairs of individual pipelines and at the same time the entire system, must be placed at the top of the list of highest priority tasks for persons representing public or private utility services, as well as, of course, residents of a multi-story building. But first, it is important to understand on what principle the system itself works and what rules of its operation you definitely need to know. 
Features of the built-in sewer system
It should be noted that most of the panel housing construction projects, which were built in the 90s of the last century, have such a layout that the room for the bathroom and bathroom are located near the kitchen. This scheme introduced so that a single sewerage distribution system could be used. Its principle of operation is as follows: the wiring begins from the kitchen area, passing through the bathroom, as well as the toilet, and only then does it enter the general apartment riser. The top of the latter must be exposed to the roof to ensure proper ventilation. This sewerage diagram multi-storey building has no design features and is very simple to install. Its main function is the process of redirecting the liquid pressure from the drain of the built-in sewage system of each of the apartments of the building to a common riser.
Sewage installation diagram in apartments
This principle can be called the leading one during the design of multi-storey buildings and sewage systems in them. The pipeline must be laid at a slope, but only after experienced plumbing specialists have carried out all the necessary computational work. The degree of slope must be absolutely uniform throughout the entire pipe that is used for work, since accumulations of various waste will constantly be observed at the connection areas, which will greatly complicate the process of direct use and repair of the entire system. For pipelines that have a diameter of 0.4-0.5 centimeters, the slope angle must be at least 3 percent, and for a pipeline with a diameter of 0.85-0.1 centimeters - 2 percent, respectively. Remember the main rule that will certainly come in handy - the farther the equipment used is located from the drain point, the higher the sewer pipe should be placed. 
Today, as a rule, the sewer system of absolutely every apartment in a panel building in a residential area implies the presence of one or several plumbing fixtures, each of which must be located at a correctly calculated angle. Thanks to proper calculation, you can significantly extend the service life of the sewer system, as well as avoid various unpleasant situations that may arise during operation. As the practice and experience of craftsmen shows, the indicated percentage proves that for every meter of pipeline having a diameter of 0.4-0.5 centimeters, the slope should be at least 3 centimeters. Based on the above, the sink, which is located 1.5-2 meters from the common riser, should have the end of the pipeline raised by about 6 centimeters.
Features of proper operation of the sewer system of a panel house
In order to ensure that the sewer system of a residential building does not cause any malfunctions and does not fail under minor loads, it is necessary to check it from time to time for the presence of waste and clean it if necessary. Imagine that even a precisely calculated sewer slope level will never give you a guarantee that the sewage pressure will flow through the pipeline unhindered and at the required speed. As a rule, it is in such systems that mousse, gases, and food waste are retained, which with each year of operation significantly reduces the permeability of the riser itself, thereby causing blockages. The reason for such situations is that in sewage what gets in is not pure liquid, but one saturated with various wastes, this is chemicals from detergents, and food particles, and much more. Alas, all of the above sooner or later begins to settle on the walls of the pipeline, turning into blockages. At the stage of creating a system design, engineers expect that the risers will self-clean due to constant movement under a certain pressure. It is the latter that will provide the most favorable angle of inclination.
But even the most well-established sewer system of an apartment building requires periodic maintenance in the form of cleaning. These manipulations must be carried out in areas where the bathroom is connected to the riser. In modern and Soviet housing construction, designers took into account this feature and left a special hole to produce everything necessary work it was possible without much difficulty. If the area is long, then such preventive repairs are especially necessary; in the case of minor runs, you can do without cleaning at all.
The rule that determines the most optimal level of slope does not apply to those devices and equipment that are equipped with pumps. Such household appliances are dishwashers and washing machines. This equipment in a high-rise building always supplies liquid under pressure, which is why the height of the connection points is not important. The sewer system of panel houses involves the installation of a special water plug, which is a kind of water seal. It is this that allows you to create a natural barrier that prevents the exhaust of sewer gases so that unpleasant odors do not enter living spaces. In Soviet times, the role of a cork was played by a siphon, which had a curved shape. There was an accumulation of gases in it, there was a place for pressure changes, and it was the siphon that was a kind of blocker of unwanted odors.
Repair and maintenance of the sewer system
Approximate layout of the elements of the sewer system in a typical bathroom of an apartment high-rise
The most important requirements that are put forward for an improved system are, of course, primarily convenience, safety and functionality. Above we have already described the principle of the internal part, but the sewage system also has an external one. It consists of collectors that are combined simultaneously by several risers and are discharged outside the building into a wastewater system or into special wells that are intended for wastewater that comes not only from one panel house, but also from neighboring high-rise buildings.
External sewerage systems, which ensure uninterrupted operation of the systems of multi-apartment panel buildings, are city networks. Considering that sewerage is something without which it is impossible to imagine life in big city, it is fundamentally important to repair it as needed and not turn a blind eye to small faults that can lead to disastrous consequences.
Previously, municipal plumbers believed that the best option for the installation of sewer systems, pipes are made of cast iron or steel. Of course, the reliability of such structures is known, and in terms of their strength they are not inferior to any analogues. But despite all this, it also has significant drawbacks. First of all, it is important to note the considerable weight, and therefore significant difficulties in installing them. Inside the pipeline made of this alloy, there is a rough surface, which over time causes the accumulation of food and household waste on the walls. Of course, such a pipeline will last a long time, but will require frequent maintenance due to its design features.
External drain wells
Today, at the design stage of any apartment building, it is specified what type of pipes will be used. Particularly popular are plastic pipes, which are quite capable of replacing and completely displacing cast iron materials. Main advantages:
– Availability. The price of such pipes is impressive in its affordability, because considering the initial costs of everything necessary materials, the system will fully pay for itself and will reduce the cost installation work.
– Light weight. Light weight and compact dimensions make the installation process faster and simpler.
– Ease of use. Many wastes do not accumulate on the walls of such structures, so preventive maintenance and replacement of plastic pipes are not needed too often.
– Durability. The average service life is 10 years or more.
Don't forget that in addition to consumables for the installation of a sewer system, it is necessary to take into account the costs that will be needed for periodic prevention of blockages.
Taking into account all the described aspects and features of operation and implementation repair work, now you can form your idea of how the sewage system works in a multi-story building. Not forgetting all the recommendations that were given in the article regarding correct operation, you can ensure uninterrupted and durable operation of the sewage system of a modern residential high-rise.
Rice. 1: Sewage system in an apartment building. Riser diagram with two branches
- output connection to the street network;
- prefabricated in-house collector;
- bath;
- toilet;
- wash basin;
- sewer riser;
- exhaust pipe;
- branch “A”: diameter 100 mm – toilet;
- branch “B”: diameter 50 mm – bathroom appliances (bathtub, washbasin).
The sewage system in an apartment building has its own specifics: the liquid discharged from plumbing fixtures flows by gravity into the common sewer riser. Then it is discharged into a common collector and further for disposal. For the smooth operation of such a complex scheme during its design and construction, it is necessary to strictly observe the regulated slopes of the sewer main, pipe diameters, dimensions and configuration of connecting parts, installation of inspection hatches and other requirements.
Current rules and regulations
According to clause 18.2 of SNiP 2.04.01-85* “Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings”, the slope of the internal sewerage for pipes:
- with a diameter of 40-50 mm is 3% (3 cm per 1 linear meter);
- with a diameter of 85-100 mm – 2% (2 cm per 1 linear meter).
According to clause 18.3, the maximum slope for branches no more than 1.5 m long is 15% (15 cm per 1 linear meter).
In addition, clause 17.2 establishes that pipes should be laid straight, without changing the slope of the horizontal section. Change the direction of the sewer pipe and connect plumbing fixtures using connecting parts.
Fig. 2: Sewage diagram in an apartment in an apartment building with three branches
- Branch “A”: diameter 100 mm – toilet + bidet;
- Branch “B”: diameter 50 mm – bathroom appliances (washing machine, bathtub, washbasin, shower);
- Branch “B”: diameter 50 mm – kitchen appliances (sink, dishwasher).
The order of connecting devices
Figures 1-3 show three options for placing plumbing fixtures in an apartment. As can be seen from the diagrams in the figures, within one apartment the maximum number of sewer branches can be three. Moreover, all plumbing fixtures of one branch are connected to it in series.
Pay attention! The sequence of connecting devices is determined depending on their distance from the point of entry into the riser. The further the device is from the input point, the higher it is connected above the floor level. There should be no bends in the slope, otherwise the bend will become a place for debris to accumulate and slow down the flow.
Let's consider the installation of a sewer system in an apartment building using the example of branch “B” of a bathroom with a length of 5 meters (Fig. 2). Conventionally, we take the entry point into the riser as zero. Devices will be connected in series to this branch at the following distance from the entry point into the riser:
- washing machine – 1 m;
- bath – 2 m;
- shower cubicle – 4 m;
- washbasin – 5 m.
Observing the required slope of 3%, we find that the farthest point - the washbasin - should rise 15 cm above the level of entry of the branch into the riser. It's easy to do. In a device such as a washbasin, the connection level to the sewer branch can be easily raised to a height of 50-60 cm above the floor level without raising the device itself.
A shower cabin located 4 meters away from the entry point into the riser should be connected 12 cm above the entry level into the riser. As you know, the shower tray and drain hole are quite low. Therefore, for proper connection to our branch, it is necessary to raise the shower stall above the floor level, i.e. place it on a “podium”, the height of which we calculate according to our needs.
The next device – the bathroom – should be connected 6cm above the insertion point. This condition is easily met.
The last device in our branch - a washing machine - can be connected at any height, since it is equipped with a centrifugal pump for forced pumping of water.
Rice. 3: Connection diagram for plumbing fixtures in one branch.
The role of water seals in the sewerage system in an apartment building
To prevent unpleasant odors from the sewer from entering the apartment, water seals are used - water plugs located in the siphons connecting the device to the network.
When connecting some devices, the water seal is not installed:
- in toilets and bidets - a water seal is provided by the design;
- in washing and dishwashers available check valves, covering the internal tank from the penetration of odors.
All other appliances: bathtub, washbasin, shower cabin, kitchen sink must be connected to the main line through siphons that have a special bend to form a water seal.
In the case of our example, raising the shower stall above the floor level on a “podium” will allow you to connect it through a siphon. When installing the cabin directly on the floor, some models have to be connected directly, since the siphon in this case does not always fit under the drain hole due to the low location of the pan.
“We go around” turns
Sewerage in an apartment building in any of its sections cannot always be installed without turning the main line. As we discussed above, you should change the direction of the sewer pipe using connecting parts.
Pay attention! It is advisable to avoid cutting 90 degree connecting fittings into the line.
When passing a right angle turn, the drains hit the wall of the fitting, perpendicular to the flow movement. This causes the flow to slow down. As a result, deposits will accumulate in such an area, gradually growing into a blockage.
When passing a 45-degree turn, the drains slide freely further. Therefore, to change the direction of the sewer line by 90 degrees, it is recommended to install 2 45/135 degree fittings in series.
It will be useful to read
The planned repairs include work with utilities, in particular, sewerage.
Often it is necessary to replace pipes, move or install plumbing.
Installation of sewerage equipment requires knowledge of the principles of operation of the engineering system.
Installation errors lead to problems that cost new repairs and financial costs.
Building codes
More than half of Russia's residents live in cities or urban-type settlements.
Living in a large settlement is associated with multi-apartment panel or brick houses.
High-rise buildings are connected to the city sewerage system, have internal wiring to all apartments.
Correct functioning of the system is impossible without timely maintenance and compliance with operating rules.
Part of the housing stock was built in Soviet period. The layout is carried out in such a way that the kitchen and bathroom are located next to each other.
This allows for common wiring sewer:
- wastewater collection begins in the kitchen (at what distance from the house a septic tank is installed is indicated),
- passes through the toilet room and bathroom,
- included in the common riser.
Sewage system in apartment buildings built on the gravity movement of wastewater under the influence of gravity.
Pipe products are laid at a slope ().
The angle is maintained evenly, otherwise, stagnation in turns is possible. The further the plumbing fixture is from the riser, the higher the pipe should be located.
Wastewater has a complex composition, which includes residues of fats, carbohydrates, and solid fractions.
Contaminants settle on the inner surface of the pipes and, accumulating, form blockages.
Thus, self-cleaning of the internal volume of tubular products is achieved.
Preventing blockages
Periodic work to eliminate possible blockages in deposits is carried out by plumbers in accordance with the maintenance schedule.
Only the slope of the route is not able to solve the problem of blockages one hundred percent (installation of local treatment facilities is described in the article).
Preventative cleaning(read reviews on the use of the drug) mains are carried out for extended sections of pipes and branches. On short runs, deposits do not have time to appear.
The procedure is carried out through windows, at the places where the plumbing fixture is connected to the pipes.
The work is carried out using special equipment, which can be bought or rented.
You can lay pipes without slope to devices that use their own pump, such as a dishwasher or washing machine.
They also check the status of each device in the apartment. The water plug creates an obstacle to unpleasant odors.
The curved shape of the siphons (which is needed to connect a dishwasher, it is written) will allow solid sediment to accumulate, which is periodically removed. Do not forget that the portion of water in the seal must be constantly changed.
INFORMATION. Modern apartments with a large area have two or more bathrooms.
Because of this, several risers can be installed in the apartment, which are located at a distance from each other.
External communications
In addition to efficient operation, two consumer requirements are imposed on sewerage:
- convenient use,
- safety.
Modern sewer network consists of two parts: internal wiring and external utility networks.
The latter include:
- highways,
- collectors,
- wells (),
- treatment facilities.
At the current rate of growth of cities, and, consequently, the number of inhabitants (what is the established consumption standard cold water per person per month, it is written), city networks are no longer able to cope with the load.
Systems built in the second half of the last century contain cast iron pipes (how to eliminate leaks under pressure is written), which become unusable over the years of operation.
Performance properties of cast iron products are worse than polymer ones.
The heavy weight makes installation difficult; the heterogeneity of the inner surface allows it to quickly become overgrown with fat and salt deposits.
Currently, the process of replacing cast iron pipes with plumbing pipes is progressing at a rapid pace. PVC pipes for sewerage (dimensions are indicated on the page).
Installation, repair, and replacement of plastic pipes is easier, faster and cheaper. Smooth walls will allow drains to pass through without stopping.
Preventative cleanings are added efficiency of using plastic materials.
Blockages are removed in two ways: chemical and mechanical.
During reagent cleaning splitting reagents are added to the pipeline, which linger in the pipes for a certain time, then are washed off with hot water.
Mechanical method otherwise called manual.
When using it, a steel wire stack is used.
When the cable moves inside the pipes, solid layers are destroyed.
After completion of work, the area is washed with hot water.
Repair of internal networks
Equipment cannot work forever. Therefore, after the allotted time, it is necessary to repair utility networks.
Major renovation is the most convenient moment for this. The first thing to do is select the pipes.
Products from:
- polyvinyl chloride;
- polyethylene;
- polypropylene.
Physical, structural or technological features there is no difference between species.
To install indoor wiring, you can use any.
The main thing is to choose the right one connecting elements and necessary components.
The installation process itself is simple.
Pipes with a diameter of 50 and 110 millimeters Sold by the meter with coupling.
Having bought pipes 2 meters long, it is easy to connect them together. To do this, the straight end of one pipe is inserted into the coupling of the other.
The resulting connection is sealed due to a rubber O-ring.
Products are inserted all the way, then pull it back half a centimeter. Due to this, a damper zone is created that compensates for linear expansions.
Internal redevelopment of pipelines
Often, during the redevelopment of apartments, it becomes necessary to change the internal sewer wiring.
This is possible when combining a toilet and a bathroom, adding or moving a bathroom or kitchen.
Achieve waste movement under the influence of gravity (how much water does a dishwasher use, it is written) is not always possible.
The solution is to install pumps designed for indoor use.
Conclusion
Marking and installing sewerage inside the apartment will not pose any special problems.
The main requirement will be the correct tilt main paths from devices to the riser.
If this condition cannot be met for any reason, forced movement of wastewater is created. This is achieved by installing pumps.
Watch a short video describing the principle of operation of the sewage system in apartment buildings.