Impersonal sentences express the predicate. Video lesson “Impersonal proposals
In impersonal sentences the only main member is the predicate, which can be expressed by an adverb; impersonal verb; a personal verb in an impersonal meaning; infinitive verb, noun. There is no and cannot be a subject of action; an action occurs on its own or a state arises independently of any subject. Impersonal sentences are very diverse in form and meaning, unlike other one-part sentences.
Meanings of impersonal sentences.
1) state of nature, environment, For example: It's drizzling. It was getting more and more freezing; It got colder yesterday; Cold, Very hot.
2) physical and mental state living being, for example: Sweetly dozing in the air; Everything in my vision became blurred; I was lucky; I feel very chilly in the morning.
3) possibility, desirability, necessity of action: He doesn't feel like going for a walk; I happened to visit the Kremlin; I wish I knew in advance! We need to do this; Can I come in? At least we could win!
4) being, becoming, finding, discovering, for example: It will always be like this, it has always been like this, this is how the white light has been since ancient times; Have you ever stood alone on an empty platform? Anything happens.
5) absence of something. There is no train station on the other side. There's not a cloud in the sky. There is no one to ask.
6) unreal (potential) action, You will never see such battles! You start.
7) incentives to action, command, order in categorical form: No smoking! Don't walk on the lawns! Everyone sleep! Fall, do push-ups!
Forms of predicate impersonal sentences.
1) Sentences with an impersonal verb like it's dawning, freezing, chilling, getting cold, dreaming, wanting, getting dark, dozing etc.
Such verbs have the 3rd person singular indicative form, and in the past tense - the neuter form.
2) Sentences with a personal verb in the meaning of impersonal. In this case, personal verbs lose their inflectional forms and freeze in the 3rd person or neuter forms. I was always unlucky. There was a whiff of dampness from the hut; Smells like bread.
A personal verb in impersonal use may have the suffix -СЯ,
3) Sentences with a short passive participle as the main member. Their originality lies in the fact that their main member combines the meaning of the action with the meaning of the result of the state, for example: The room is smoky; The Tushin battery was forgotten.
4) Nominal impersonal sentences in modern Russian are recognized as sentences with impersonal words (nouns, nouns with an infinitive, adverbs, modal words can, need, want, etc.) as the main member. easy, fun, cozy, shameful, pity, time, hot, stuffy, shame, sin, disgrace, time, laziness, sin, hunting, combined with the infinitive It’s a sin to laugh at old age; I want to dance. I need to go, I can read, I need to take care of my health.
5) Impersonal sentences expressing the absence of something consist of With presumable - particle nor, negative pronoun or adverb, word no in combination with the indirect case of a noun or with an infinitive. No time; Not a sound; No acquaintances; Nothing new; No friends; Not a single mistake; No hope; No one to work with, nothing to argue about, nowhere to go.
6) Infinitive sentences. The main member of an infinitive sentence is expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action or state as desirable, necessary, possible, inevitable . I wish I could buy some water! I'm renovating my apartment so I can receive guests.
in 8th grade
Target lesson: To develop students’ understanding of impersonal sentences.
Tasks:
1.Introduce the concept of a one-part impersonal sentence.
2. Teach to distinguish impersonal sentences from other types of one-part sentences, determine ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence, the meaning of impersonal sentences.
4. Develop memory, speech, and thinking of students.
5. Cultivate interest in the subject, an active attitude to the process of cognition, attentive attitude to language and speech.
Lesson type : lesson explaining new material.
Equipment : textbook, computer, projector, interactive whiteboard or handout didactic material.
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
I. Organizational moment (introductory remarks teachers).
Hello guys! Let's start our lesson. We use this sentence very often. What is special about this proposal? (this is a one-part sentence, there is no subject)
Today in class we will talk about one-part sentences.
And we'll start with a little warm-up.
Continue the statement:
1. The main member of the sentence, answering the question of what the subject of speech does, is……( predicate) .
2. If a sentence has two main members, then this sentence is.... ( two-part).
3. The subject can be easily restored in sentences….( definitely personal).
4. In indefinite-personal sentences, the predicate has the form…. (3 l. plural ).
II. Updating knowledge.
Read the sentences and indicate the one-part sentences: (write on the board)
a) The winter cold reigns in the forest.
b) You walk through the winter forest and admire its beauty. (generalized-personal, narrative with a generalized meaning; the predicate is expressed by a 2nd person verb, singular)
c) The snow sparkles and shimmers in the moonlight.
d) Look, Vasya, in the spirit of the domchi: you are taking the master ( definitely-personal, the predicate is expressed by a 2-liter verb, singular.)
e) Since then they called him Khorem (indefinite-personal, the predicate is expressed by a verb of the 3rd letter, plural, pr. tense)
f) Ermolai threw several spruce branches into the fire.
d) There was a storm outside the window. (impersonal, the predicate is expressed by an impersonal verb). Students find it difficult to determine the type of sentence.
Tell us about those one-part sentences that you already know according to the scheme: (the diagram is written on the board)
Explain the name (definition)
Predicate form
Use in speech
Pay attention to the last sentence. Is it possible to answer the question of who produces the action or experiences the state in the form of I.p.? ( No).
III. Learning new material
Such sentences are called impersonal. Today we will talk about impersonal sentences. Let's formulate the objectives of our lesson. (Tasks are formulated by students independently, under the guidance of a teacher)
We need to find out:
- definition of an impersonal sentence;
- ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence;
-meanings of impersonal sentences;
-the role of impersonal sentences in the text.
Impersonal sentences are the most diverse and most common group of one-part sentences. Look at the handout. Here are the proposals. Read them.
1. I think mostly about the end of the world. 2. It began to howl and sing in the distance, thickly and piercingly. 3. My soul felt light and joyful. 4. You can talk endlessly about bears, like devils. 5. There is no dream, there is the appearance of it. 6. The room was smoky.7. The sun has set and I need to go home.
Let's draw conclusions.
What are the features of impersonal sentences? (They do not and cannot have a subject)
Together with the teacher, students come to the conclusion that the sentences report an action or state that cannot be attributed to the person expressed by the subject, i.e. there is no subject and cannot be.
Now you have to figure out how the predicate in these sentences is expressed. Let's turn to the textbook materials. The theory textbook by V.V. will help you. Babaytseva paragraph 183, pp. 189-190.
Independent work with handouts for the purpose of analyzing the table “Ways to express the predicate in an impersonal sentence.”
In these sentences, identify the grammatical basics and indicate how they are expressed, using the tables on your tables and the textbook material.
1. Impersonal verb (with -sya and without -sya)
I think mostly about the end of the world.
2 Personal verb in impersonal meaning.
It began to howl and sing in the distance, thickly and piercingly.
3. State category word starting with -o
My soul felt light and joyful.
4. Combination of a verb or word of the state category in –o with an infinitive
You can talk endlessly about bears, like devils.
5. A negative word or construction expressing negation.
There is no dream, there is the appearance of it.
6. Short passive participle of the neuter gender with the suffixes –n-, -en-, -t-.
The room was smoky.
7. Infinitive (modal word combined with infinitive)
The sun has set and I need to go home.
Let's draw conclusions.
What are the features of impersonal sentences? (They do not and cannot have a subject).
- How can the predicate be expressed in an impersonal sentence? ( An impersonal verb, a personal verb in impersonal use., With infinitive (modal word combined with an infinitive).
Let's see if you can distinguish impersonal sentences from other one-part sentences. Let's run the test.
1. Specify the type of one-part sentence:"It's quiet all around."
a) impersonal
b) definitely personal
c) nominative
d) vaguely personal
2. Find an impersonal sentence.
a) There is no winter without snow.
b) Frost covered all the trees.
V) In winter, everyone loves a sheepskin coat.
G) Winter night is the longest.
3. Find an impersonal sentence.
A) I see pine trees and clouds high above my head.
b) The winter cold smelled across the fields and forests.
c) What splendor and tranquility
d) In winter you won’t hear birds singing.
4. Find an impersonal sentence.
A) The Christmas tree has already been decorated.
b) I see a snow-covered clearing.
c) The breeze blows.
d) If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds.
5. Find a complex sentence that includes a one-part impersonal sentence.
A) Winter got angry: she decided to freeze everyone.
b) A wonderful picture, how dear you are to me: a white plain, a full moon.
V) Winter sings and calls, the shaggy forest is lulled by the ringing sounds of the pine forest.
G) The morning is clear, frosty, and I can’t sit at home.
Both test and verification can be carried out in different ways.
Well done, let's continue our work and remember the tasks that we formulated at the beginning of the lesson. ( Still need to knowmeanings of impersonal sentences; the role of impersonal sentences in the text.)
Can we guess which texts most often use impersonal sentences? I offer you the following job. It is necessary to read the text, determine the style, speech, and topic of the text. Write out impersonal sentences, analyze them by members of the sentence. You can work independently or in pairs.Text on cards
1. My soul felt so good, so joyful! Your heart is beating loudly and yearning for space, and you just want to rush and fly somewhere. There are some wonderful thoughts crowding into your head that will take your breath away. I want to be kind, good; I want to do something extraordinary, so that everyone will be surprised, so that everyone will feel as good as I do.
2. In the afternoon it became unbearably stuffy. You could feel the approach of a thunderstorm in the air. The clouds floating across the sky became darker and darker. It became difficult to breathe. The flowers drooped their tender heads in languor and fell silent in motionless anticipation of the rain. Finally, in the distance, like the growl of an approaching beast, the first dull rumble of thunder was heard. There was a moment of languid calm, and the rain drummed dully on the boards with which the gardener was quickly covering the glass of the greenhouse. The greenhouse became as dark as night.
So, let's look at the written sentences and draw a conclusion: where can we find impersonal sentences most often?
(In literary texts, to convey the human condition, describe the state of nature).
Which sentence sounds better: "Evening Comes" or "Evening"; "I wanted to cry" or “I wanted to cry”?
Let's draw a conclusion about the role of impersonal sentences in speech. (Impersonal sentences have a special expressiveness; they succinctly depict the states of nature and man; they convey a personal attitude, perception of reality)
IV. Summing up the lesson, homework assignment (reflection).
The lesson is coming to an end. Have we answered the questions posed at the beginning of the lesson? What new have you learned? What have you learned? Where will you use the acquired knowledge?
At home, I suggest you complete the exercises and compose a text on the topic “Autumn Day” only from impersonal sentences.
Russian lesson summary
in 8th grade
on the topic “Impersonal offer”
Target lesson: Continue to develop students’ understanding of impersonal sentences.
Tasks:
1.Expand and deepen the concept of one-part impersonal sentences, give an idea of the functional and stylistic possibilities of impersonal sentences.
2. Practice the ability to distinguish impersonal sentences from other types of one-part sentences, determine ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence, the meaning of impersonal sentences.
3. To develop the ability to use impersonal sentences in oral and writing.
4.Develop memory, speech, and thinking of students.
5. Cultivate interest in the subject, an active attitude towards the process of cognition, promote the development of ideas about the richness of expression of thoughts, the beauty of the Russian language.
Lesson type : a lesson in consolidating new material and developing skills.
Equipment: textbook, computer, projector, interactive whiteboard and/or teaching handouts (tests, texts).
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
I. Organizational moment.
Good afternoon, guys. Today we will continue our study of the topic “Impersonal Sentences” and we will start by checking our homework.
II. Updating knowledge, checking homework.
First, let's answer the questions that I will ask you. The answer should be one word: YES or NO
1. Is an impersonal sentence a one-part sentence? ( YES)
2. Is there a subject, i.e. the person performing the action in an impersonal sentence? ( NO)
3.Are the concepts of an impersonal verb and an impersonal sentence related? (YES)
4. Do impersonal verbs change according to persons and numbers? (NO)
5. Is it possible to restore the subject in an impersonal sentence? (NO)
6. The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed by the words no, was not? (YES)
How else can the predicate be expressed in an impersonal sentence? (An impersonal verb, a personal verb in impersonal use., With a word category of a state, a combination of a verb or a word of a category of a state - an infinitive, a negative word or a construction expressing negation, a short passive participle, infinitive (modal word combined with infinitive)
- What do impersonal sentences mean and express? (WITH state of man, state of nature)
Now let’s listen to your essays on the topic “Autumn Day,” consisting only of impersonal sentences (the work of several students is heard and evaluated).
III. Main part (deepening knowledge, developing skills, practicing skills)
Which texts use impersonal sentences? ( in the texts fiction)
Today we have to reveal the wealth of meanings of impersonal sentences and their functional and stylistic possibilities, using the texts of the works of the great Russian writer I.S. Turgenev.
A conversation can be held about the writer, based on the knowledge of the students, messages can be prepared in advance with several students, or the teacher can confine himself to the word.
In literature lessons, which were devoted to the work of I.S. Turgenev, we studied his stories from the collection “Notes of a Hunter”. Remind me which ones(“Bezhin Meadow”, “The Burmister”, “Two Landowners”, “Yermolai and the Miller’s Wife”, “Khor and Kalinich” ).
I.A. Goncharov wrote about Turgenev’s “Notes of a Hunter”: “How vividly it is told - delightful!.. Turgenev is a true artist, creator...” And behind this high assessment is Turgenev’s ability to tell about Russia as you see it. He has amazing skill in describing Russian people and Russian nature.
Let's touch this wealth and see how many possibilities for expressing thoughts and feelings are hidden in one-part impersonal sentences.
During the lesson we will refer to examples from the works of this wonderful Russian writer. And here is the first task.
Read the sentences. Find the extra sentences and justify your answer. Write down the sentences, indicate the way to express the predicate. ( Students work independently, then a test is carried out (maybe a pair test or a frontal test).
Task on the board or cards:
There was no wind.( weather conditions )
Meanwhile, it got completely dark outside . (state of nature )
As for other matters, let’s now move on to another landowner. (O\L)
I was sorry to part with the old man . (human condition )
It's so drowsy and quiet all around. ( state of the environment )
After all, this is a sin. ( action evaluation )
I myself happened to notice involuntary signs of some kind of gloomy ferocity in him. ( designation of randomness of action )
Let's pay attention to the meanings of the sentences. Please note that the sentence may contain an assessment of the action, the action occurs without a producer, occurs independently of someone’s will, i.e. spontaneously. Impersonal offers provide the opportunity to express most subtly and accurately this kind of actions and states that occur spontaneously, on their own, and within us - against our will, to express the modal attitude of the speaker to what is being communicated.
Let's turn to the text .
The text can be presented in various ways: with missing punctuation marks, with missing spellings, in a deformed form.
- Read the text.
Students read a passage from the text independently, then have one person read aloud.
From which work by I.S. Turgenev this passage?("Bezhin Meadow")
What is this passage talking about?(The narrator lost his way, got lost....
Let's write down the first sentence and parse it.
One student works at the board.
Does this include complex sentence one-part sentence?(Yes, ...there was no road there..., this sentence indicates the absence of something).
Tell me, are there any other impersonal sentences in this passage? (Yes, now you need to take the right again.)
- What does this sentence express, what meaning does it have?(The sentence has the modal meaning of should).
- Where is this sentence located, in what part of the text?(at the end of the paragraph, closes the SSC)
- The functioning of impersonal verbal sentences is associated with the formation of text integrity. Such sentences can act as a means of coherence in the SSC, i.e. realize internal connections in the disclosure of micro-topics, creating the semantic integrity of the text. The first sentence gives an assessment of a phenomenon or action, which is then revealed, and the last sentence completes the STS by organizing the text, dividing it into semantic parts.
Impersonal sentences are woven into the literary text as necessary component narratives. Impersonal verbal structures at the beginning of the narrative can express the general visual background of the phenomenon, which is then described in detail, general condition psychophysical human perception, give an assessment of any phenomenon or action, which is then revealed. Impersonal structures can contain a result, show the completion of a process, a conclusion about the state and feelings of the hero. Read the passage again.
IV. Summing up the lesson
What new things have you learned about impersonal offers? What conclusion can we draw? (Impersonal sentences are very diverse in meaning. With the help of impersonal sentences, you can give an expressive description of the physical or moral state of a person. Impersonal sentences are often used in artistic speech to describe landscapes, settings where events take place, to express various shades - necessity, opportunity, etc. With their help, the action can be given a touch of spontaneity. in the works of I.S. Turgenev, impersonal sentences are used in the speech of the narrator and in the dialogues of the characters. This makes their speech more expressive. Impersonal sentences participate in the organization of the text).
As the final stage of the lesson, I offer you the following task. Carefully read the sentences from the works of I.S. Turgenev and fill out the table indicating the sentence numbers. An additional plus if you indicate next to which story this sentence is from.
Offer type
Serial number of the offer
Two-piece
Definitely personal
Vaguely personal
Impersonal
They brought us straw and hay there... N/L
A boy of about fifteen sat as a coachman and had difficulty holding a well-fed stallion. D
In general, Arkady Pavlych is considered one of the most educated nobles and the most enviable suitors of our province... B
Meanwhile, dinner was served. N/L
Arina returned with a small decanter and glass. D
There was no wind... B
Ermolai was ordered to deliver a couple of quails to the master's kitchen. B
If you allow me, I’ll stay overnight in your hay barn. O/L
I opened my eyes and saw Kalinich. D
I was sorry to part with the old man. B
Come and visit me. O/L
Arkady Pavlych lowered his head and looked at him thoughtfully from under his brows. D.
I was bought off. N/L
Work can be time limited, checked by the teacher after the lesson, or selectively during the lesson.
VI. Homework.
Do an exercise in which you need to replace an impersonal sentence with a synonymous construction; write down impersonal sentences (6-7) from Turgenev’s story “Asya”.
The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's getting dark.
Types of one-part sentences
| Principal term expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love thunderstorms in early May. |
I I love thunderstorms at the beginning of May. |
| 1.2. Vaguely personal proposals | ||
| Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Someone knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal proposals | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). |
Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. Impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
A) It's getting light; It was getting light; I'm lucky; |
b) The snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) It's cold outside; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm freezing; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) To me sorry to leave with you; |
A) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter. |
Closed . |
The store is closed. |
| 5) Predicate no or verb in impersonal form with negative particle not + object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money. |
|
| 6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone keep quiet! |
Everyone keep quiet. |
| 2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: form genitive case will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - There is money; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).
4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.
Pay attention!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.
Wed: It was night; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.
Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.
4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) behind you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I'm walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.
A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.
With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).
The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the predicate verb refers to any character (cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).
It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).
The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).
The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
The predicate is an integral part of almost any sentence. Regardless of how it is expressed and whether it is expressed in principle, it defines the subject. This member of a sentence can denote both an action and some attribute of an object, answer various questions (from the banal and well-known “what did you do?” to the more difficult to perceive “which one?”). All this shows that there are different ways predicate expressions. So what are they, and what influences the division of predicates into different types?
Ways of expression
As you know, the ways of expressing the subject and predicate can be different. The first, for example, can be expressed:
- noun or pronoun ( Man/He appeared);
- infinitive ( Working is our direct responsibility);
- phraseological unit (Augean stables is the most accurate definition of this room) etc.
The same can be said about the predicate. Limiting this member of the sentence to only a verb would be a huge mistake. It can be represented:
- noun ( Knowledge is power);
- numeral ( Three times five is fifteen);
- adjective, and even in comparative form ( Beneath him is a stream of lighter azure);
- and verbs in all their manifestations - in different moods and types, verbs in combination with particles, infinitives, and so on.
That is, in principle, it is already clear that the diversity here is colossal. The table below will help you better imagine the ways of expressing the predicate:
Ways of expression verb predicate |
|||
Simple verb | Compound verb | Compound nominal |
|
Infinitive Phraseologism Interjection | Auxiliary verb + inf | Nominal part |
|
Verb of the beginning and end of an action Verbs of intention, will, desire Verbs of emotions Impersonal verbs Short adjectives Nouns Possible/not possible Phraseologism | Lexically weakened verb | Noun Adjective Pronoun Phraseologism Numeral, number combinations Communion Interjection |
|
Simple verb predicate
Let's start, perhaps, with the first type. The simple verb predicate is probably the most common. It is expressed by verbs in any form, namely:
Simple verb predicate - nuances
There are certain nuances here. Very often, the future tense of the indicative mood is not perceived as a simple verbal predicate - it also consists of two words. But this would be the same mistake as not considering PGS (this is how the name of this type of predicate is abbreviated) as a verb in combination with a particle.
Another controversial point- differentiation between a phraseological unit (although it would be more accurate to say here - a non-free phrase) and a compound nominal predicate. The first is easily replaced by a single verb ( We were given an order - We were ordered. Why did you hang your head? - Why are you sad?), whereas with a compound nominal predicate such a trick will not work, the only thing is that you can replace the linking verb with the word “was” ( He sat sad - He was sad).
Compound verb predicate
Let's move on to the next type of predicate - a compound verb. Here everything is as simple as in the simple one - there is an auxiliary verb, and an infinitive is adjacent to it ( He wanted to study). The only nuance in this case is the clear highlighting of this very auxiliary verb, because it can be represented not only by it:
- Phrasal verbs of the beginning and end of an action ( Stopped bickering / Started taking action)
- Modal verbs of intention, ability, will, desire ( We were going to visit. I can run. I wish to be free. I want to escape)
- Verbs of emotions (Afraid of falling in love. Hates lying)
- Some impersonal verbs ( Worth noting. Something to think about)
- Short adjectives, the full form of which is either completely absent or has a different meaning ( Nice to meet you. It's great to invent. We are free to choose)
- Some nouns ( Master of lying. Woman who likes to walk)
- It is possible and it is not possible ( It can be noted. It is impossible not to recognize b)
- Phraseologism ( Eager to come)
Ways to express a predicate with examples - best way to understand this albeit not very confusing, but still voluminous topic. The main thing in a compound nominal predicate is to understand the mechanism of its formation. This is a verb (or something that replaces it) plus an infinitive. Believe this formula and you will succeed.
Compound nominal predicate
We continue to study ways of expressing the predicate with the compound nominal predicate - the least favorite among schoolchildren. Its unpopularity is due to the fact that sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish it from a simple verbal predicate. But first things first.
Verb linkage
A compound nominal predicate includes two parts - a verbal connective and a nominal part. Separately, it should be noted that if we are talking about the present tense, then the verb connective can be omitted ( He's beautiful). The verb connective is most often represented by:
Yes, sometimes it is very difficult to identify an independent predicate with secondary members. A short test “Ways of expressing a predicate” will help us understand at least a little about this difficult topic.
- What's the point of wandering around here! - It’s pointless to wander through the parks.
- Lie motionless on the hill. - How long can you lie here?!
- He could live as an ascetic, wanting nothing. - How are you going to live here?
These sentences present different ways of expressing the predicate, try to figure out what types of predicate are presented in each sentence.
Nominal part
We continue the topic “Compound nominal predicate” by studying its nominal part. It can be expressed:
- Noun ( Was an actress)
- The adjective in all its forms - short and full, degrees of comparison ( We are very glad to see you. Perfect voice).
- Communion in all its forms - also short and full and also passive and active (K nothing has been read. Young man reading)
- Pronoun ( The sky is yours)
- By a numeral name and any combination with numbers (Seven five - thirty-five. The height of the building is two hundred meters)
- Adverb ( I'm a little bit like her)
- Interjection ( Your thoughts are on guard!)
- Phraseologism and non-free phrases ( His soul is a sealed secret for me)
As you can see, the ways of expressing the predicate vary enormously - if there is really nothing to remember in a simple verb, then you will have to tinker with a compound nominal. But with the proper desire, everything will be fine.
Conclusion
Ways of expressing the subject and predicate are the topic of long and detailed scientific lectures. The most important thing in all this is to realize that the main members of a sentence are expressed can be different parts of speech, sometimes not even single, that they can have different types and sometimes at first glance it is very, very difficult to understand what is in front of you. The only teacher here is practice, and in addition, a table that can be constantly supplemented with examples will help you understand the ways of expressing the predicate.
§1. General information
Let us remember: sentences are divided into two-part ones, grammatical basis which consists of two main members - subject and predicate, and one-component, the grammatical basis of which consists of only one main member: subject or predicate.
One-part sentences are divided into two groups:
- with the main member - subject
- with the main member - predicate
The latter are divided into four types.
This means that there are five types of one-part sentences in total. Each has its own name:
- nominal
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
- impersonal
Each type is discussed separately below.
§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject
Name sentences- These are one-part sentences with the main member - the subject.
In nominal sentences, the existence of an object or phenomenon is reported or an emotional and evaluative attitude towards it is expressed. Examples:
Night.
Silence.
Night!
Sweet raspberries!
What a beauty!
Denominative sentences with particles here, over there have a demonstrative meaning: Over there is the village!
Nominal sentences can be uncommon and consist of only one word - the main member, or common, including other members of the sentence:
Blue sky overhead.
Blue sea at your feet.
There is a small table covered with a tablecloth by the window.
Most often, the following are used as subjects in nominative sentences:
- nouns in I.p.: Heat!
- pronouns in I.p.: Here they are!
- numerals or combinations of numerals with nouns in I.p.: Twelve. First of January.
§3. One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are not the same in the structure of the predicate. There are four types.
Classification of one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
1. Definitely personal proposals
2. Vaguely personal sentences
3. Generalized personal sentences
4. Impersonal offers
1. Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the personal form of the verb in the form of 1 or 2 l. or a verb in the imperative mood. The person is defined: it is always either the speaker or the interlocutor. Examples:
I love meeting with friends.
the action referred to in the sentence is performed by the speaker, verb in the 1st form. units
Let's call tomorrow!
inducement to joint action of the speaker and interlocutor, verb in the imperative mood)
How are you living?
the action about which information is obtained is performed by the interlocutor, verb in the form of 2 l. plural
Declarative and interrogative sentences express the action of the speaker or interlocutor:
Tomorrow I'm leaving on a business trip. What do you prefer for dessert?
IN incentive offers expresses the motivation for action of the interlocutor:
Read! Write! Fill in the missing letters.
Such sentences are independent, they do not need a subject, because the idea of a person can be expressed in language by personal endings of verbs.
2. Vaguely personal sentences
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of 3 l. plural in the present or future tense or in the plural form. in the past tense. Person unspecified: the action is performed by someone unidentified.
unknown, not determined by whom the action is performed
It was reported on TV that...
it is not determined who performed the action
Such sentences do not need a subject, since they express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe uncertainty of the persons performing the action.
3. Generalized personal sentences
Generalized personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 2 l. units or 3 l. plural in the present or future tenses or in the form of 2 l. units or plural imperative mood:
In generalized-personal sentences, the person appears in a generalized form: all, many, and the action is presented as ordinary, always performed. Such proposals express the collective experience of the people as a whole and reflect stable, generally accepted concepts. Examples:
If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
You cannot build your happiness on someone else's misfortune.
The action being spoken of is common and common to all people, conveying the idea of collective experience.)
Chickens are counted in the fall.
It does not matter who specifically performs the action, what is more important is that it is performed usually, always, by everyone - the collective experience is reflected, while a specific person is not implied.
In generalized-personal sentences, the idea of a generalized person is important, therefore they express generalizations characteristic of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, and various kinds of maxims.
Note:
Not all textbooks highlight generalized personal sentences as a special type. Many authors believe that definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences can have a generalized meaning. Examples:
If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
(considered as a definite personal sentence with a generalized meaning)
Chickens are counted in the fall.
(considered as an indefinitely personal sentence having a generalized meaning)
What is the basis for different interpretations?
Authors who distinguish generalized-personal sentences into a separate type pay more attention to the meaning of this group of sentences. And those who do not see a sufficient basis for this put formal features (verb forms) at the forefront.
4. Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in the form s.r. past tense. Examples:
The action or state is expressed in them as involuntary, in no way dependent on any person or group of persons.
The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed in different ways:
1) impersonal verb: It was getting dark, it was getting dark.
2) a personal verb in impersonal use in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in s.r. units past tense. It's getting dark, it's getting dark.
3) a short passive participle in the form s.r.: Already sent to the market for fresh food.
4) in a state category word: Are you cold?, I feel good.
In the present tense, the zero copula of the verb be not used. In the past and future tenses, the connective be is in the following forms:
- past tense, singular, middle: I felt good.
- future tense, singular, 3 l.: I will be fine.
5) infinitive: To be a scandal, to be in trouble.
6) impersonal auxiliary verb with infinitive: I wanted to relax.
7) a state category word with an infinitive: Have a good rest!
8) negatives: no (no - colloquial), nor: There is no happiness in life!
Impersonal sentences are also diverse in the meanings they express. They can convey the states of nature, the states of people, and the meaning of the absence of something or someone. In addition, they often convey the meanings of necessity, possibility, desirability, inevitability, etc.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main predicate member?
Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main member - the subject?
What are sentences with one main member - the subject - called?
- incomplete
- nominal
What is the offer: What nonsense!?
- nominative
- definitely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Take care of nature!?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: The newspaper published a weather forecast for the week.?
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: I'm shivering.?
- nominative
- impersonal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: It's getting light.?
- impersonal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Would you like some tea?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal