Target indicators of demographic policy: is our choice correct? Demographic indicators as an indicator of socio-economic development Program documents in the field of population adopted at the UN World Population Conferences.

1.3 System of indicators of demographic security. Criteria levels of demographic security indicators

The demographic situation (otherwise known as the situation) is the state of demographic processes, composition and distribution of the population at a certain time in a certain territory. The concept is based on the Greek root: demos - people. The science of demography studies the demographic situation. The demographic situation within any territory consists of such demographic processes as fertility, mortality, marriage, and termination of marriage.

It should be noted that the state of the population reproduction regime directly depends on the level of socio-economic development of the country, as well as on the social structure of society. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that the current state of demographic processes will largely depend on the demographic events of the past.

Characteristics of the demographic situation include:

1. assessment of the size, age and sex structure of the population, reproduction parameters;

2. analysis of changes in demographic processes;

3. forecasting trends and assessing demographic consequences.

The characteristics of the demographic situation are not limited to a quantitative description and qualitative assessment of demographic processes. Changing the situation in the desired direction in accordance with the set goal, which is the topic of demographic policy, requires an understanding of the factors that gave rise to certain problems and their controllability. Considering these factors, it makes sense to roughly divide them into two groups. The first group, which includes endogenous factors, is represented by the characteristics of the population itself: its age-sex structure and reproduction parameters. The second group, which includes exogenous factors, is represented by external, mainly socio-economic influences.

Thus, the demographic situation with its quantitative characteristics and qualitative assessment is, in fact, a comprehensive comprehensive understanding of the population as a factor and criterion for the socio-economic development of a particular territory.

Population composition is a nomenclature, a list of elements that make up the population as a collection of people. Demographic composition includes the division of the population into men and women. A population differentiated by age can be distributed into groups. Grouping based on qualitative characteristics represents a classification. For example, depending on such a qualitative characteristic as ability to work, three groups of the population are distinguished: younger than able-bodied, able-bodied, and those older than able-bodied.

The population can be divided into groups and based on quantity. Typically, the distribution of the population by sex and age occurs in one-year (for each individual year of age) and five-year age groups. The latter is given in a standard grouping: 0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14, 15-19, etc. Such groupings are used by statistical authorities when developing population census and current accounting data. Sometimes ten-year groups are also used (0-9, 10-14, etc.).

Population structure is the relationship between homogeneous elements or numerically defined groups. The simplest is the gender structure: the percentage of men and women in the total population. There are also age, age-sex structures, distributions by time of residence, etc. Structure, i.e. The distribution of the population into groups can be expressed not only as a percentage, but also as shares, ppm.

A general characteristic of the age distribution of the population is its average age. It can be calculated for the entire population as a whole, for different age groups and for individual contingents. An example of the latter is the average age of the employed or economically active population.

Gender and age are the main demographic parameters of a person, and the gender and age structure is, accordingly, one of basic characteristics population. These data are in demand in almost all spheres of public life related to people’s livelihoods.

The classification of indicators characterizing the demographic situation is presented in Figure 1.

Fig.1. Classification of indicators characterizing the demographic situation

Figure 1 shows a variety of indicators characterizing the demographic situation. The calculation of these indicators is presented in Table 1.

Table 1-Calculation of indicators characterizing the demographic situation

Indicators		Legend
Population
Resident population	PN = NN-VrP+VrO
Current population	NN = PN-VrO+VrP	PN - permanent population; NN - current population; VrO, VrP - temporarily absent, present
Average annual population	Average = (Chng1+Chng2)/2	Average annual population; Chng1 - population at the beginning of the first and second year)
Share of region, district, world, country	HR/HR*100%	CR - population of the region; NSTR - country size
Population growth rate	Tr = Chn1/Chn0*100%	Tr - growth rate; Chn1 - population of the reporting period; Chn2 - population size of the base period
Population growth rate	Tpr = Tr-100%	Tpr - growth rate; Tr - growth rate
Average growth rate	Trsr = ?Tr/n	Tsr - average growth rate; Tr - growth rate; N - number of years
Average population growth rate	Tprsr = Trsr-100%	Tprsr - average growth rate; Tr - average growth rate
Absolute population growth (decrease)	Apr = Ch1 - Ch0	Apr - absolute increase; P1 - population of the reporting year; N0 - base year population
COMPONENTS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS AND COMPOSITION
Total population growth (absolute, relative)	Oprah = EPR+IPR Opro = Opra/SrChN	Oprah - total absolute growth; Epr - natural increase; IPR - immigration growth; Average annual population size
Natural increase (absolute, relative)	Epra = Chr-Chu Epro = Epra/SrChN	Epra - absolute natural increase; Chr - number of births; Chu - number of deaths
TERRITORY POPULATION INDICATORS
Crowding		L - crowding; Chn - population size; Chn - number of settlements
Population density		Pl - population density; Chn - population size; S - area of territory
Service radius of populated areas		R - radius; N - number of points
Urbanization rate	U = Chgorn/Chn	U is the urbanization coefficient; H is the size of the urban population; Chn - population size

In our opinion, demographic security characterizes the protection of the socio-economic development of society from internal and external demographic threats, ensuring at a minimum the preservation of the geopolitical, economic and ethnic status of the state.

Table 2-System of demographic security indicators

1. Indicators of the level of demographic security	2. Indicators of the direction and speed of change in demographic security	3. Indicators of the consequences of changes in demographic security (demographic losses)
depopulation rate	absolute change in the level of demographic security indicators	annual population decline
population old age coefficient;	relative change in the level of demographic security indicators	*proportion of children born sick;
degree of disproportionality of the sex composition of the population of reproductive age	absolute change in the level of demographic security indicators compared to their maximum critical values	stillbirth rate
family factor	relative change in the level of demographic security indicators compared to their maximum critical values	*morbidity rate of the population certain types diseases: Mental disorders; Tuberculosis; “Ours” and “strangers” in a local territorial community The empirical object of this study is individuals who live in the city of Berdsk, as residents of a local territorial community. The city of Berdsk is small in area, has certain boundaries... Demographic concept of Russia and its role in overcoming the depopulation trend First of all, to implement this Concept, state statistics data, population census results and sociological research data are needed. From this it follows... Demographic development of the Northwestern federal district Demographic security is one of the most important components of the security of any state. Demographic security is a state of security of quantity and ethnic composition population of the country from external and internal threats... Study of the management of demographic processes in the region using the example of the Ivanovo region Demographic security - component national security, the state of protection of the state, society and the labor market from demographic threats... Migration and national security problems of the country In modern conditions, one of the central tasks of the state is to ensure its national security. This problem is becoming central in the 21st century... Until recently, the main attention of the world's leading states was paid to military security. However, since the 60s, politicians and society as a whole began to gradually realize... Nature and models of international security According to the law of the Russian Federation "On Security", international theory and practice of ensuring security, the main subject of ensuring security up to the present day is the state... To maintain vital interests, the existence and possibility of progressive development of the individual, society and state, a security system is created. The security system is formed by legislative bodies... Modern sociological theories of violence, conflict, security In all cases where social security issues are considered, we're talking about about safety as a component of quality of life, about safety as a way of life... Modern sociological theories of violence, conflict, security The object of sociological consideration may be a specific safety system (for example, industrial, fire, etc.), its external environment and internal social organization... Social protection and rehabilitation of drug addicts Statistical and economic analysis of the demographic situation in the Russian Federation The classification of indicators characterizing the demographic situation is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1. Classification of indicators... Labor behavior of Akademgorodok residents Since we use a non-targeted information base, in compiling indicators and indicators we are limited by the capabilities of the existing array. To solve the problems posed in the work, questions were selected from the “Working” block... Value orientations of residents of Akademgorodok Since we use a non-targeted information base, in compiling indicators and indicators we are limited by the capabilities of the existing array... ^

Characteristics of the demographic situation include:

1. assessment of the size, age and sex structure of the population, reproduction parameters;

2. analysis of changes in demographic processes;

3. forecasting trends and assessing demographic consequences.

Gender and age are the main demographic parameters of a person, and the gender and age structure is, accordingly, one of the basic characteristics of the population. These data are in demand in almost all spheres of public life related to people’s livelihoods.

The classification of indicators characterizing the demographic situation is presented in Figure 1.

Fig.1.

Figure 1 shows a variety of indicators characterizing the demographic situation. The calculation of these indicators is presented in Table 1.

Table 1-Calculation of indicators characterizing the demographic situation

Indicators		Legend
Population
Resident population	PN = NN-VrP+VrO
Current population	NN = PN-VrO+VrP	PN - permanent population; NN - current population; VrO, VrP - temporarily absent, present
Average annual population	Average = (Chng1+Chng2)/2	Average annual population; Chng1 - population at the beginning of the first and second year)
Share of region, district, world, country	HR/HR*100%	CR - population of the region; NSTR - country size
Population growth rate	Tr = Chn1/Chn0*100%	Tr - growth rate; Chn1 - population of the reporting period; Chn2 - population size of the base period
Population growth rate	Tpr = Tr-100%	Tpr - growth rate; Tr - growth rate
Average growth rate	Trsr = ?Tr/n	Tsr - average growth rate; Tr - growth rate; N - number of years
Average population growth rate	Tprsr = Trsr-100%	Tprsr - average growth rate; Tr - average growth rate
Absolute population growth (decrease)	Apr = Ch1 - Ch0	Apr - absolute increase; P1 - population of the reporting year; N0 - base year population
COMPONENTS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS AND COMPOSITION
Total population growth (absolute, relative)	Oprah = EPR+IPR Opro = Opra/SrChN	Oprah - total absolute growth; Epr - natural increase; IPR - immigration growth; Average annual population size
Natural increase (absolute, relative)	Epra = Chr-Chu Epro = Epra/SrChN	Epra - absolute natural increase; Chr - number of births; Chu - number of deaths
TERRITORY POPULATION INDICATORS
Crowding		L - crowding; Chn - population size; Chn - number of settlements
Population density		Pl - population density; Chn - population size; S - area of territory
Service radius of populated areas		R - radius; N - number of points
Urbanization rate	U = Chgorn/Chn	U is the urbanization coefficient; H is the size of the urban population; Chn - population size

Table 2-System of demographic security indicators

1. Indicators of the level of demographic security	2. Indicators of the direction and speed of change in demographic security	3. Indicators of the consequences of changes in demographic security (demographic losses)
depopulation rate	absolute change in the level of demographic security indicators	annual population decline
population old age coefficient;	relative change in the level of demographic security indicators	*proportion of children born sick;
degree of disproportionality of the sex composition of the population of reproductive age	absolute change in the level of demographic security indicators compared to their maximum critical values	stillbirth rate
family factor	relative change in the level of demographic security indicators compared to their maximum critical values	*morbidity of the population with certain types of diseases: Mental disorders; Tuberculosis; Venereal diseases; Drug and substance abuse; Alcoholism; AIDS, etc.
total fertility rate		mortality rates by cause of death
rate of abortions in reproductive age		disability level of the population
general population mortality rate		number of deaths in working age
infant mortality rate		utilization rate of average life expectancy at working age
* coefficient of migration population growth; level of illegal migration		efficiency of population reproduction, etc.
Average life expectancy at birth (disaggregated for men and women)
net population reproduction rate, etc.

All the given indicators can be used to one degree or another to analyze the demographic situation. .

With their help, a general picture of demographic development is given: population dynamics, its components, aging of the population, its gender, age and genetic structure, changes in the population of the territory, etc.

All these indicators can be used both to compare chronological (changes over time) and regional series, to predict changes in numbers and many other processes in the social, economic, political sphere of activity of a country, region, region, district.

1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Oryol State University of Economics and Trade"

2 Central Russian Institute of Management - branch of RANEPA

3 Territorial body Federal service state statistics for the Oryol region

The effectiveness of the management system at the level of a territorial entity depends on a high-quality and timely generalization and set of indicators characterizing the socio-economic situation of the region. The final indicators of economic and social policy are presented as indicators of the results of the functioning of the management system and the accuracy of making forecasts and development strategies. In the context of the transition to program-targeted and anti-crisis policies for managing all economic systems, the identification and review of indicators of socio-economic development of a specific territory and in comparison with other regions in the ranking has practical and methodological significance. The article identifies two main groups of indicators: economic and socio-demographic, which are calculated and carried out when processing official statistical information and are widely used in assessing trends and development prospects and constructing socio-economic forecasts. In the crisis management system, indicators can serve to conduct ongoing monitoring of the summary results of the effectiveness of the management system in the region, diagnosing the deterioration of the situation in order to take timely preventive measures.

crisis management

demography

indicators

social policy

economy

1. Bazarnova O.A. Three main models in the field of modern crisis management / O.A. Bazarnova, A.V. Polyanin, A.A. Level // Bulletin of Oryol State University. Series: New humanities research. – 2015. – No. 5 (46). – pp. 184–187.

2. Efimova O.V. Sustainable development strategy of the company: analytical aspect / O.V. Efimova // Siberian financial school. – 2011. – No. 3 (86). – P. 36–40.

3. Parushina N.V. Statistical assessment of the differentiation of regions of the Central Federal District according to the level of demographic development / N.V. Parushina, I.V. Butenko // National interests: priorities and security. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 45–49.

4. Socio-economic situation of the Oryol region [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.gks.ru/region/docl1154/Main.htm (access date: 05/02/2017).

5. Simchenko N.A. The importance of anti-crisis regulation of the Russian economy in modern conditions / N.A. Simchenko, S.Yu. Tsekhla, I.M. Shapovalova // Drucker Bulletin. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 106–111.

The formation of the socio-economic policy of the region, the development of anti-crisis and strategic programs and objective monitoring of the effectiveness of the implementation of measures to support business structures and sectors of the economy is determined by the quality information base based on the collection, grouping and generalization of statistical information. IN recent years procedures for statistical data processing are criticized due to the untimely presentation of operational information for management and monitoring purposes and the impossibility of generalizing information of a narrow thematic focus on any specific object or area of research. An exception is information on the socio-economic situation of a territorial entity (region), which is presented by a system of indicators generally accepted in national statistics.

For the purposes of effective and anti-crisis management of territorial entities, a number of economic and socio-demographic indicators are used in practice, subject to assessment, monitoring and analysis.

For the purpose of socio-economic analysis of regions, as well as to develop forecasts of socio-economic development for the next year and the medium term, indicators of economic and social nature are used (Fig. 1).

The main parameters characterizing the state and dynamics of socio-economic development of regions are summarized general idea about the level and trends of development of the country's regions. The economic potential of a particular territory depends on the state and level of development of the main areas of activity that form a competitive business infrastructure. For example, in the Oryol region the leading species economic activity include: agriculture, manufacturing, construction, transport and communications, trade.

According to Orelstat, social economic development territorial formation in the past year is characterized by the following main economic and social indicators.

Index industrial production in 2016 amounted to 98.6% of the level of 2015. The structure of industrial production by enlarged types of economic activity is represented by the following segments entrepreneurial activity.

Rice. 1. Indicators of socio-economic development used in the management system of territorial entities

Rice. 2. Structure of industrial production in the Oryol region in 2016.

For the development of the economy and social sphere of the region in 2016, from all sources of financing, 47,873.3 million rubles of investment in fixed capital were used, or 99.8% in current prices and 94.2% in comparable prices compared to the same period in 2015 . Investments in fixed capital, in contrast to financial investments, characterize investment activity in all areas of business activity and require additional attraction cash. In 2016, investment activity in all business segments decreased, as demonstrated by statistical information on the level of socio-economic development of the regions.

In the Oryol region the volume construction work in 2016 amounted to 20,259.9 million rubles, or 89.0% in current prices. In comparable prices, this figure was 87.4% compared to the same period in 2015. 351.3 thousand square meters of housing were commissioned. meters, or 73.3% compared to the same period in 2015. This indicator of the development of a territorial entity is significantly lower than the indicator of the last reporting year (Table 1).

The effectiveness of investment policy is characterized by indices of industrial production and volumes of shipped products, which are analyzed by type of production activity. The industrial production index of the region over the last two years remained at the level of 98% (Table 2), which indicates the rate of decline in production in all areas of production activity of the territorial entity. In the overall ranking among 18 regions of the Central Federal District, the Oryol region ranks 12th in terms of growth in shipment volume compared to the previous year.

In the process of a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of the region's development and the effectiveness of the implementation of anti-crisis policy, the main attention is paid to the specialization of regional production and priorities in regional policy. In the agro-industrial sector for January - December 2016, in all categories of farms, the volume of production agriculture amounted to 73,182.1 million rubles, or 113.2% compared to the corresponding period in 2015. In 2015, the volume of agricultural production amounted to 64,624.4 million rubles. The growth rate of agricultural production compared to the previous period was higher and amounted to 123.5%. The structure of agricultural products by farm categories in 2016 is presented in Fig. 3.

Table 1

Indicators of investment in fixed assets

Table 2

Volume of shipped goods of own production, performed works and services

Rice. 3. Structure of agricultural products on farms in the Oryol region in 2016.

The largest share in agricultural production is occupied by farms and individual entrepreneurs. Their share accounts for about 71% of the agricultural products market of the territorial entity.

The results of the study of the agro-industrial sector in recent years reflect trends in increasing the efficiency of the functioning of this sector based on global trends occurring in the world and politics. Experts and specialists in the field of agro-industrial business predict an increase in demand for agricultural products and an increase in their consumer characteristics, technological digitalization of agricultural production, the development of biotechnology, breeding and genetic material, an increase in biofuel consumption to achieve energy independence, reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the environment, and create additional income for agricultural producers. Managing economic indicators in the field of agro-industrial production will make it possible to make adjustments to regional policy and justify management measures.

Trade is one of the main activities for business entities in the Oryol region. Turnover retail for 2016 in comparable prices amounted to 93.6% compared to the corresponding period last year. In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2016, retail trade turnover decreased by 5.2%. At the same time, the rate of decline decreased significantly compared to previous year, when the reduction was at the level of 10.0% (Table 3).

Social indicators of the development of a territorial entity characterize the amount of cash income of the population, the level of migration and unemployment of able-bodied citizens. The standard of living of the population of the Oryol region is characterized by an increase in nominal per capita cash income of the population - 101.1% and wages of workers - 104.8%. The real values of average per capita monetary income and wages of citizens were at the level of 93.9% and 97.3%, respectively (Table 4).

The average monthly nominal accrued wages of workers in the entire Oryol region for 2016 amounted to 22,890 rubles. per employee. The growth rate of average monthly wages compared to 2015 was 4.8%. The region has maintained the growth rate of average monthly wages over the past two years. Real accrued wages characterize purchasing power wages. This takes into account price changes for consumer goods and services compared to the base period. In all periods, real wages did not exceed 100%.

The demographic situation, according to operational information, in 2016 was characterized by a process natural loss population - the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.5 times. Compared to the same period in 2015, there was a decrease in the number of births and the number of deaths by 271 and 149 people, respectively.

In 2016, the migration population loss amounted to 731 people. To other regions Russian Federation 2,220 more people left the Oryol region than arrived in the region, while there was a positive balance of international migration (+ 1,489 people). Migration policy positively characterizes the change in the unemployment rate in the region. In general, there is a decrease in the unemployment rate in the Russian Federation. For October - December 2016 it amounted to 5.4%, while for the same period in 2015 the figure was 5.7%. In the region, as of January 1, 2017, the number of officially registered unemployed decreased by 6.0% compared to January 1, 2016 (Table 5). The fixed unemployment rate, as a year earlier, was 1.2%.

Among the employed population, the largest number of workers is observed in the spheres of manufacturing, trade, education, public administration, health and social services.

The results of socio-economic policy are reflected in the formation of the final financial result activities of business structures in the region. Among the final financial results, the balanced financial result and profit are analyzed in the statistical information system. The balanced financial result represents the final financial result identified on the basis accounting all business operations of organizations. The balanced financial result is calculated as profit minus loss. In 2016, the profit of profitable organizations amounted to 16,796.7 million rubles, or 99.2% compared to 2015 (Table 6).

Table 3

Trade turnover indicators in actual and comparable prices

Table 4

Indicators of cash income of the population and average monthly wages

Table 5

Unemployment rates in the Oryol region

Table 6

Indicators of financial results of organizations in the Oryol region

Thus, a comprehensive analysis of indicators of the socio-economic situation of a particular territory makes it possible to assess the dynamics and trends in changes in indicators and make informed management decisions in the field of planning and management and justify the increase or decrease of individual indicators. For example, in the Oryol region, based on the results of an analysis of socio-economic indicators, an increase in the volume of shipped goods of own production and production of agricultural products in all categories of farms was stated, which was statistically confirmed, since the region specializes in agro-industrial production. Based on indicators of socio-economic development of regions, integral assessments various aspects of the level of socio-economic development of the country. The monitoring results are included in the reports of the Russian Ministry of Economic Development on the current situation in the economy of the Russian Federation and trends for the near future.

Bibliographic link

Parushina N.V., Samsova E.V., Murko Yu.V. ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TERRITORIAL UNITS // Basic Research. – 2017. – No. 5. – P. 178-183;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=41530 (access date: 03/15/2020). We bring to your attention journals published by the publishing house “Academy of Natural Sciences.” For a long time, the main indicator of socio-economic development was the value of GDP per capita. This was based on the idea of production growth as the ultimate goal of economic development. Development programs based on this approach assumed that economic growth would ultimately lead to higher living standards and that the benefits produced would trickle down to the poorest. However, the practical implementation of these programs (primarily in developing countries ah) showed their insufficient effectiveness without a detailed study of the issues of distribution and use of income. By the end of the 1970s. a modern idea of well-being has emerged as the correspondence of various economic, social, demographic, environmental and other living conditions to the needs of people. To assess it, it was logical to develop a complex (composite) index, built on the basis of the total direct indicators various conditions life, and replace them indirect indicator of average per capita income.

reached

infant mortality rate; life expectancy at the age of 1 year; literacy level of the adult population. For each of the three indicators, a measurement scale is constructed from 0 to 100, on which the worst level for the countries under consideration is Xi,thin. - corresponds to a score of “0”, and some hypothetically better level (infant mortality rate equal to 77‰; life expectancy at the age of 1 year equal to 77 years; adult literacy rate equal to 100%) - Xi, wholesale. - corresponds to a score of “100”. IFCI represents the arithmetic mean of integer scale estimates of actual indicators - Xi- three listed indicators.2. The Demographic Transition Index (DTI) was based on indicators of fertility, life expectancy and urbanization. The IDP was applied to study the dynamics of population reproduction in various countries. In addition, the use of IDP confirmed the strong positive influence(correlation coefficients were 0.65–0.85) demographic transition to the transfer of labor from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector (according to the “Kuznets curve”, this process is a decisive factor in overcoming poverty in developing countries), economic modernization and GDP per capita in countries of the Asia-Pacific region.3. Index of "human suffering". In 1987, the Committee on the Population Crisis developed the “International Human Suffering Index” (HIHI), based on 10 indicators assessed on a 10-point (0–10) scale (“0” is the highest level, “10” is the highest level). lowest level).Indicators used in calculating the Human Suffering Index (HISI):

GDP per capita

Average annual inflation rate

Average annual growth rate of the number of employed

Average annual rate

urban population growth

Caloric nutrition indicator

Availability of safe drinking water

Energy consumption per capita

Adult literacy rate

Expert assessment of the level of personal freedom

Each score shows the level of deprivation experienced by the population in key aspects of well-being: the higher the score, the higher the level of deprivation. The MICH is calculated as the sum of scores on 10 scales: the maximum level of deprivation is 100 points, the minimum is 0 points. Countries with a MICH equal to 75 points or more are characterized by an extreme level of suffering (30 countries, 11% of the world population); 50–74 points - high level suffering (44 countries, 58% of the world population); 25–49 points - average level of suffering (29 countries, 10% of the world population); 24 points or less is the minimum level of suffering (27 countries, 21% of the world population). A distinctive feature of the development of the MIES was its use to forecast such a demographic indicator as the average annual population growth rate. At the same time, it is also legitimate to conclude that a high rate of population growth is an important factor in the high level of MIES. Statistically, the relationship between the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the average annual population growth rate turned out to be very strong ( r= 0,83).4. Living Standards IndexIn 1990, another comprehensive index was developed - indicator of the standard of living in cities(PUZHG), calculated on the basis of 10 indicators, assessed on a 10-point (1–10) scale: the worst indicators correspond to a score of “1”, the best - “10”. Among the 10 indicators used

number of murders per 100 thousand people

share of income spent on food

average number of people living in 1 room

share of houses connected to water and electricity supply systems

living conditions

number of telephones per 100 people

proportion of children enrolled in secondary school

infant mortality rate

expert assessment of ambient noise levels

average speed of traffic during rush hour

comprehensive air quality assessment

The final LPG was calculated as the sum of scores on 10 scales: with an increase in the quality of life, the LPG increases. The quality of life in urban agglomerations with a LGS of 75 points or more was rated as very high (the highest LGS - 86 points - were recorded in Melbourne, Montreal and Seattle); 60–74 points - high; 45–59 points - as satisfactory; less than 45 points is considered low. The study showed that major cities, having higher PLG, are generally characterized by lower rates of population growth. In 1991, using a similar methodology, level indiceslife(LSI) in the republics that were part of the USSR. Taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the USSR and the collected statistical information, the following indicators were used to calculate the LSI: average monthly salary, occupational injury rate(characteristics of working conditions),retail turnover per capita, provision of living space, telephones(characteristics of living conditions);availability of hospital beds, infant and maternal mortality rates(characteristics of the level of health care development);provision of secondary schools with computer classes, number of places in higher educational institutions per capita(characteristics of the level of education development);discharge of contaminated waste water to surface sources(characteristics of environmental safety);number of people convicted of murder(characteristics of publicsecurity). One of the objectives of calculating the LSI was its use as a variable explaining the direction and intensity of migration flows. The study confirmed the attractiveness of regions with a high standard of living for migrants (the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the balance of migration and the LLS was 0.55). Despite some differences in the size of the assessment intervals caused by the desire to achieve a more uniform distribution of assessed objects across scales), MIES , LPG and LLS were calculated using a unified methodology, as the sum of points (Bi) for the indicators taken into account . Indices of “human suffering” and standard of living, as well as the index of “physical quality of life”, are not widely used. This was mainly due to the insufficient validity of the system of indicators combined into these indices, the cumbersomeness of the indices and the ambiguity of their interpretation, as well as the weakness of the statistical base of calculations (problems with the comparability of indicators and the duration of time series of data). 5. Index human development The concept on the basis of which the HDI was developed can be presented in its most concise form using five propositions: human development represents both the process of expanding human choice and the achieved level of human well-being; well-being is assessed by the ability of people to lead a life that they consider worthy; human development critically depends on the satisfaction of three needs - to live long and healthy life, acquire knowledge, have access to resources that provide a decent standard of living, characterizing such dimensions of human development as longevity, education and material well-being; income is seen as a means of expanding human choice, that is, providing greater freedom of choice and more options for achieving the chosen goal; To ensure a decent life, people do not need an infinitely high income or the positive impact of the latter.

Population quality index An attempt to construct a composite index describing a relatively isolated complex of socio-demographic processes is represented by population quality index(IKN), combining five indicators:

average life expectancy at birth

total fertility rate

proportion of men of marriageable age who are married

share of employed people with secondary and higher education

monthly average wages taking into account the price index

These indicators are generalized indicators of the qualitative characteristics of the population (health; fertility; marriage rate; education; qualifications), corresponding to the key needs of the population (live a long and healthy life; have children; start a family; get an education; have interesting job, providing access to resources necessary for a decent standard of living) and, in their totality, determining the regime and dynamics of population reproduction. ICI serves as an important tool for analyzing the tension of the socio-demographic situation and assessing the level of well-being. Comparison of indices of generalized indicators of qualitative characteristics, including those calculated for different regions, is one of the important tools for determining population policy priorities and calculating the necessary expenses for financing socio-demographic programs. An important feature of calculating the CCI is the ability to use it to assess the impact of social demographic factor on economic development and condition environment.The development of complex indices was a natural result of the development of an integrated approach, the search for a “counterweight” to purely cost indicators and the recognition of the important role of demographic variables as indicators of social progress. The emergence of complex indices has also opened up new prospects in socio-demographic research, in particular in the analysis and forecast of population reproduction rates, as well as in assessing the influence of the demographic factor on economic processes.

63. The concept of the “third” demographic transition

In all countries where the birth rate does not ensure replacement of generations and there is significant immigration, judging by all forecasts, mainly official ones, the share of people of foreign origin will grow, and the rate of this growth will be approximately the same in both Europe and the United States, despite the fact that the starting levels there were different. If the first demographic transition was expressed in changes in fertility and mortality levels, and the second in changes in sexual behavior, the organization of family life and its forms, then the third demographic transition affects the last remaining component characterizing the population, namely its composition. Low fertility levels lead to changes in migration policies, and migration, in turn, influences the composition of the population. Ultimately, it may lead to a complete change in this composition and the replacement of the current population by a population that is either migrants, or their descendants, or a population of mixed origin. And if current trends continue until the end of the century, then the main factor influencing population characteristics will be migration, and not the difference in the fertility of the indigenous population and migrants. In all countries where the birth rate does not ensure replacement of generations and there is significant immigration, judging by all forecasts, mainly official ones, the share of people of foreign origin will grow, and the rate of this growth will be approximately the same in both Europe and the United States, despite the fact that the starting levels were different there

64. Policy documents in the field of population adopted at the UN World Population Conferences.

From 1946-1965, the leading area of UN activity was the problem of population registration and statistics, conducting a census.1965: World Population Conference. Programs:regulation of demographic processestraining for developing countries1970-80s: Adoption of the World Population Plan of Actionissues of accounting and use of demographic factors in economic, socio-political and international cooperation in the field of ecology (continuous monitoring of the state of the environment)1992 Brazil: demographic problems and environment1993 Vienna: Demographic problems and human rightsThe annual UN reports on the state of the world's population to the UN Economic and Social Council emphasize the interconnectedness of solutions to demographic, environmental and social problems ensuring more stable economic development.World Population Conferences World Population Plan of Action (Bucharest, 1974, 136 countries) Recommendations for its further implementation (Mexico City, 1984, 147 countries) Amsterdam Declaration of the International Forum on Population in the 21st Century (Amsterdam, 1989) 20-year Program of Action for Population and Development (Cairo, 1994, 179 countries) UN General Assembly: resolution on the implementation of the program adopted in Cairo (November 1999) Action program International conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994) Main activities: 1. Relationship between population, sustained economic growth and sustainable development (development strategies, poverty, environment)2. Equality and equity between men and women3. Family, its functions, rights, composition and structure4. Population growth and composition5. Reproductive rights and reproductive health6. Health, morbidity and mortality7. Population distribution, urbanization and internal migration8. International migration9. Population, development and education10. Technologies, scientific research and development11. Activities at the national level12. International cooperation13. The role of the non-state sector

Rostovsky State University

Faculty of Sociology and Political Science

Abstract on the course social medicine

"Demographic indicators as an indicator social development society"

Completed by: 3rd year student

Correspondence department

Speciality: Social work

Samokhin T. A.

Teacher: Ph.D. Assoc.

Nikulina M.A.

Rostov-on-Don

Plan

Introduction

1. Fertility, mortality and life expectancy indicators

2. Age structure of the population

3. Abortion statistics

4. Health indicators

5. Marriage and divorce rates

Conclusion

List of used literature

Proposal

Introduction

“Demography is the science of the laws of population reproduction in their socio-historical conditionality. Demography studies the patterns of phenomena and processes that collectively make up the process of population reproduction (fertility, mortality, marriage), age-sex and marital structure of the population, their dependence on living conditions, cultural characteristics, environmental factors, etc. On this basis, demography understands the laws (reasons) of the level and dynamics of demographic processes, develops forecasts of the future size and composition of the population, as well as measures to manage demographic processes.

Demographic indicators are the most important for characterizing the population of each country in terms of its sustainable development. All of them can be grouped into a data system and divided into the following groups:

General demographic, economic, mortality and fertility rates, marriage and divorce rates, health care indicators. The latter, in turn, can also be split into separate positions.

This topic is interesting for several reasons: firstly, the complexity of the demographic situation in the world is obvious to most globe. Means mass media, periodically raising this topic, inform people by citing scary statistics. We are observers of the aging of the planet's population. Therefore, in my work I tried to show trends in changes in demographic indicators in the world over the past fifteen years. The demographic situation in Russia is also considered in its entirety.

1. Fertility, mortality and life expectancy indicators

Often these indicators are presented as general measures of the quality of life of the population, since they indirectly reflect many aspects of the well-being of the population, including income and nutritional patterns, environmental quality, access to healthcare, drinking water and sanitary services.

Life expectancy at birth shows the number of years a newborn will live if the life-sustaining conditions existing at the time of his birth remain unchanged throughout his life. This indicator does not indicate how long the child will actually live; it reflects the likely life expectancy for someone born in a particular year. Mortality under 5 years of age shows the number of newborns who will die before reaching the age of 5 out of 1000 newborns. Since malnutrition and poor hygienic conditions are the worst concerns for infants and children, they serve as indicators as the main cause of high mortality in most developing countries. Thus, the most in an efficient way Extending life expectancy at birth in these countries is a reduction in mortality under 5 years of age.

During the second half of the twentieth century. Conditions for maintaining health in the world as a whole have improved to a greater extent than in all previous human history. On average, in low- and middle-income countries, life expectancy at birth increased from 40 years in 1950 to 65 years in 1996. Over the same period, the average under-5 mortality rate for this group of countries fell from 280 to 80 cases per 1000 children. However, these achievements still fall far short of those in high-income countries, where the average life expectancy at birth is now 77 years, and average mortality under 5 years of age is 7 cases per 1000.

Throughout the twentieth century. national life expectancy indicators showed a direct relationship with the level of GDP/GNP per capita. In general, the higher the per capita income, the higher the life expectancy, although this relationship does not explain all the differences between regions and countries. Two other major factors in increasing national and regional life expectancy levels are: 1) improvements in medical technologies (some countries are clearly leaders in their use); 2) improvement of sanitary and hygienic living conditions thanks to the state policy of expanding the population’s access to safe drinking water, construction of sewerage facilities and control of food quality. Education - especially of women and girls - is also extremely important, as wives and mothers, armed with knowledge about healthy lifestyles, can play a significant role in reducing the health risks of their families.

These two additional factors explains how most developing countries are now closing the health gap with developed countries, even though they are generally failing to close their per capita income gap. This breakthrough is possible in large part due to advances in medical technology, public health and education, which are allowing developing countries to "get more health" per unit of national income. Thus, in 1900, life expectancy in the United States was 49 years with a per capita income of over $4,000. Today, the average life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa is 50 years with a per capita income not exceeding $500.

Life expectancy for men in Russia in 1995 was surprisingly low (Russia was followed only by Central African countries), and the gap for women was the largest in the world (14 years). This situation is explained mainly by a sharp decline in life expectancy for men - from 64 years in 1990 to 58 in 1994. In four years, mortality among Russian men between the ages of 25 and 54 increased by almost 50%. This is believed to be due to a decline in income and growth nervous stress due to the transition period in the economy, a decrease in the quality of medical care and a drop in its availability, as well as, to a large extent, an increase in alcohol consumption and smoking. Similar, although less dramatic, changes in male life expectancy took place in a number of other former Soviet republics.

In almost all other countries, life expectancy at birth has increased in recent years. In developing countries, this increase was due to a sharp decline in under-5 mortality. Best results achieved through improved methods of combating infectious diseases (which primarily affect children), such as gastrointestinal and helminthic infections, etc. In many countries, an increase in per capita income has contributed to improving the living conditions and nutrition of most families. Governments of developing countries invested in public health (drinking water and sanitation, mass immunization programs), education medical personnel, construction of hospitals and clinics, as well as free provision medical care. But much remains to be done. Malnutrition remains a serious problem, especially among women and children, and infectious diseases, which are largely preventable, continue to kill millions of people. Thus, the global average immunization rate against measles is 80%, and each year this disease alone claims the lives of more than a million children. This problem is especially acute in the countries of Central Africa, where the immunization rate is the lowest - less than 60%.

2. Age structure of the population

The health and life expectancy of a country's population are reflected in its age structure, that is, different percentages of different age groups in the total population. The age structure of the population can be shown in the form of a “population pyramid”, which is also called the “age-sex pyramid”. The population is divided into men and women, and also into age groups (i.e. groups in 5-year increments - or groups in one-year increments). What the "population pyramids" of low- and high-income countries look like now (1995) and what they are thought to look like in the future (2025) Note how the shape pyramids shows higher fertility and mortality (especially child mortality) and higher life expectancy in low-income countries.

In poor countries, the base of the pyramid is wider and the pyramid has a more pronounced triangular shape, rather than the pear or rectangular shape of high-income countries.