Asymmetrical roof drawing. Self-construction of the roof of a private house

On a variety of buildings you can see a roof with two slopes. They choose it for a reason - it is a relatively simple and comfortable way to build a roof, reliable and beautiful to look at. But there are many subtleties that both builders and customers must take into account when creating it.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The stability of the walls and the strength of the foundation, the elegance of the design of the designers can bring joy only in one case - when there is no “drip” from above. Technologists and engineers have put a lot of effort into inventing many roofing options. But in terms of the ratio of pros and cons, the classic pair of stingrays still takes one of the first places. These are two surfaces placed at an angle and having support points on load-bearing walls. The use of a gable roof is equally good for a shopping pavilion, a country cottage, or an ordinary canopy over a car or the entrance to a house.

Rainfall flows down from such a roof almost instantly. The snow doesn't stay on it. And even the wind will not be able to expose the underlying parts of the roofing pie of cabins, sheds, and outbuildings.

Below there can be a comfortable attic or even a full-fledged residential attic with large rooms. Consumers can choose different designs, modify the length of the slopes and the steepness of each of them.

Country houses are equipped with gable roofs most often not only because of their resistance to weather conditions and comfort. The anti-vandal properties of such structures also set them apart from others. Disadvantages are revealed only during the construction of attics. It is necessary to install dormer windows and strengthen the rafters. But even taking these problems into account, this format can still be considered a universal type of roofing.

Varieties

It is important to understand that a gable roof is not something single and monolithic; in fact, this name hides a number of subspecies.

• Traditional symmetrical design(base is an isosceles triangle, slope exactly 45 degrees). It withstands the pressure of snow and rain flows well, but cannot be used for the attic.

• Broken type increases the efficiency of using attic space. At the top the slopes are relatively flat, but at the bottom they are sharply inclined. An inevitable consequence of this choice is the complication of the rafter system.

• Roof without symmetry(such a “double slope” makes it possible to create only an attic of limited area). The main motive when choosing is an extremely unusual appearance.

• Asymmetrical multi-level(with different slopes) roof - in it the ridge is moved away from the center. The roof can serve as a canopy for a veranda or even a terrace located near the house.

Most practically used structures have inclination angles of at least 11 and no more than 45 degrees, because they are the most practical. In dry and warm climates, you can make the roof as flat as possible.

If the frequency and intensity of precipitation is very high, then you will have to build a steeper roof. But again, it has its own weak point - increased susceptibility to wind pressure.

Equipment of different slopes not only increases the area of ​​the attic or attic, but also allows you to make their walls as straight as possible.

Asymmetry, if thought out properly and implemented technically competently, can become an attractive design solution. It has also long been noted that the difference in the parameters of the slopes increases the snow and wind resistance of the house. There is slightly less pressure than usual on the walls, rafters and foundation. And they work much more efficiently on asymmetrical roofs solar panels. There is only one minus - the design and work will have to be entrusted to professionals.

Many gable roofs are equipped with dormer windows, which increase the attractiveness of the structure. The image of the house as a whole becomes more cheerful, the building acquires unique features. In a gable roof, windows in the shape of a quadrangle are often installed, although the number of shapes is simply impossible to count. Dormer windows are designed to replace doors for access to the roof during repair, finishing and emergency work, and in case of emergency.

A gable roof with short and long slopes requires the most careful measurement of all parameters and calculation of the necessary properties of the system. A hydraulic level can provide the necessary accuracy.

A roof with three gables is installed mainly on houses made in the shape of a square or rectangle. When equipping an attic, a separate roof is placed on it, and you can choose any type you like, including a broken one. Please note: the presence of three gables allows for enhanced lighting of the attic floor.

Quite a lot of roofs are made with a protrusion - this element helps organize canopies, awnings and cornices. A roof with a valley is equipped in cases where it is necessary to ensure that slopes forming a negative angle are connected to each other.

Such roofs can be made:

• in the shape of a cross;

• in the shape of the letter T;

• in the shape of the letter G.

Preparing a roof plan involves assessing its top view, in this case, all attic and dormer windows and points of connection of surfaces must be taken into account. Reflected in the plan of the roof over terraces and verandas, for each surface and detail you need to write down the size. Master plan is divided into elementary figures; it must indicate where the main premises and extensions will be located. Only if this condition is met can it be guaranteed that all nodes, valleys, and protrusions will perfectly fulfill their tasks. If the size of the purlins changes, the angle at which the valley slopes is also adjusted.

Where such parts are located, the connecting slopes are covered with a continuous sheathing. When laying out waterproofing, it is recommended to place it in two layers, and then attach the valley to self-tapping screws. When the joints of the part are in a horizontal plane, the overlap is at least 10 cm, and ideally 30 cm. If the slope has only a slight angle of inclination, it is advisable to use an additional layer of waterproofing. A valley with a self-expanding seal is placed under the metal tiles.

A gable roof with a bay window can be quite inexpensive and quite beautiful. This element is placed on a reinforcing belt; to make it, they usually do not put one of the rows of bricks or blocks during construction. The belt will not only support the rafter beams, but will also strengthen the wall and reduce the pressure on the window lintels. The formwork can be made from old boards, and for the reinforcement itself, a welded network with 5x5 cm cells is used.

The off-center shape is often chosen due to its increased energy efficiency. This valuable property is harmoniously combined with external attractiveness. Architects use a variety of tricks; original designs were especially popular in the middle of the last century. The most radical experiments, of course, did not justify themselves, but solutions in which one slope is directed to the south, and a different angle or length to the north. It is important not to forget in this kind of search that no one has yet canceled the careful calculation of wind and snow loads and the determination of the composition of premises.

General level The efficiency of a home, if everything is done correctly, is much higher than that of an ordinary house covered with a standard gable roof. Accurate calculations by the architects showed that if you introduce one angle steeper than 45 degrees, the unused space in the house will sharply decrease.

The original step is to imitate the roof of an ancient Russian tower. Moreover, it is much easier for modern builders than for their predecessors several centuries ago. Mathematics and effective computing programs come to the rescue, allowing you to calculate parameters as accurately as possible.

It is much more pleasant to install an attic under a pitched roof than under a regular one. A semi-dark nook almost right next to the ridge brings joy to few people, especially since sharply inclined slopes and sharp corners located inside and outside do not contribute to visual comfort. Instead of following the lead of designers who creatively play with a simple type of gable roof, it would be more correct to solve the problem radically. Roofing material with cut corners helps to cover those places where it is not possible to lay full sheets or rolls.

A popular type of gable roof is the gable form; it would be more accurate to say that this is an assembly of several roofs, each of which covers individual parts of the house and is mechanically connected to the others. The advantage of this solution is that it allows you to create both dormer windows and balconies. “Pliers” in the terminology of roofers are, of course, not a metal tool with sharp gripping edges, but pediments. The radical complication of the rafter system is justified by its external aesthetic appeal. To imagine what it all looks like, you need to look at any image of an ancient castle.

A gable roof can be not only steep, but also flat. The increased steepness of the slope strengthens the structure and makes its sophisticated strengthening less relevant. The need for lumber is reduced, and therefore overall costs increase. But if in a particular area there is a high probability of storms and hurricanes, or simply strong winds, it is better to choose a more flattened option. At the same time, a completely flat roof (angle of inclination 10 degrees or less) is also impractical - maintaining it and clearing snow often becomes a painful task.

It is important to consider that when choosing heavy finishing materials(corrugated sheeting and metal tiles) it is not recommended to make an angle steeper than 45 degrees. Then conventional fastening will be unable to prevent them from quickly sliding along the diagonal slopes. And you will need to strengthen the fasteners, install additional elements. As a result, unnecessary expenses will appear - and this is not one, or even two thousand rubles (if you also take into account the work and complicated design).

You won’t be able to save money on building a completely flat roof either - you will have to create a particularly strong rafter system underneath it.

Device

Once the required level of roof pitch has been assessed, you need to understand its basic elements. And primary attention should be paid to such a detail as the Mauerlat. Builders use this word to describe a stable structure laid around the perimeter of the walls and used to secure the rafters. The Mauerlat ensures that the loads created by the roof overhang are distributed evenly to the limit. It also prevents various mechanical influences from tearing the roofing system away from the walls.

The protective characteristics of the Mauerlat are especially important when it comes to resisting gusts of wind. Some craftsmen and even architects consider it acceptable to construct roofs without this element, with direct connection of the rafters to the ceiling beams. But the simplicity of such a design results in the fact that 100% of the load is collected monolithically on the rafter supports. If everything is done correctly, these impulses are dispersed over a much larger area.

The Mauerlat can be made from:

• I-beam;

• channel;

• softwood timber.

The standard cross-section of the timber in such cases is 80x180, 100x100, 100x150, 150x150 or 200x200 mm. It is very simple to use; you just need to place a beam under the legs of the rafters.

When assessing the quality of wooden raw materials, one cannot ignore knots, which make up 2/3 of the thickness of the tree or more. Such defects threaten not only with the release of resin outward, but with a weakening of tensile strength.

A gable roof over a lightweight frame house, which will not have to worry unnecessarily heavy loads, can be placed on a mauerlat made of connected boards. Some developers add steel pipes, attached to the ends of the support part. The structures used must have a maximum cross-section that allows them to be passed through the rafter holes. Increased strength is no less important; it is even better to lay it in reserve. And you should not take pipes unless you are sure that they are made of high-quality steel.

The connection of the Mauerlat to the wall is carried out in strict accordance with technology that has been proven over decades. It is extremely rare to refuse a reinforced belt. And even if the building itself is strong and stable, it is still necessary. When there are aerated concrete walls below, it is worth spending time laying bricks or pouring plain concrete. These materials are less fragile and will avoid damage to the main part of the wall.

The size of the sealing belt is selected individually, taking into account the level of loads, including variable ones. But its width is always equal to at least the load-bearing walls.

A cornice (eaves overhang) must be present on any roof, and a gable roof is no exception. The purpose of such an element is to block water, which, when precipitation occurs, tends to penetrate into the space under the roof. Importantly, the cornice is one of the finishing elements, and when it is hemmed, the internal components of the rafters are covered.

The frame (box) for the construction of the cornice is made of a flat board that does not contain even single traces of bark and knots. An alternative to the cornice is the use of rafter extensions. You also need to think about covering the gables by at least 50 cm.

Note: internal structure the cornice on the slope and on the pediment have little in common. If you do not want to delve into such subtleties, it is better to seek help from professionals.

Unlined overhangs have found their main application in the process of working on hip roofs; the hemmed type is most often used in combination with a hip roof with two slopes. The shortened format is compatible with absolutely any type of roofing structure.

The visor also extends beyond the main contour. Such a solution will reliably cover the wall and base from precipitation. It’s easy for people to hide there too: even if the rain pours like a storm, it’s always dry and comfortable under the forward part of the roof.

Calculations by architects and engineers show that a projection of 150 cm allows the wall to remain dry, regardless of the intensity and duration of the rain. But this is not the limit: the technical capabilities of modern builders allow them to build canopies twice as large. Such structures are used mainly as terrace organizers. On the hottest and hottest day, the overhang casts a shadow that protects the plants from the heat. You should not try to make such long visors yourself, the responsibility is too great.

The cross-sectional structure of a gable roof cannot be considered thoroughly studied., if we don’t mention the inclined elements of the rafter system. The slopes have struts that are firmly attached to vertically placed racks. It is not recommended to take boards for rafters with a cross section of less than 5 cm, and the width of the material is determined by its length. When calculating each part, attention is paid to how great the risk of its deflection under the influence of standard load is. An insulated gable roof implies an arrangement of rafter legs that requires a minimum number of cuts on the heat-insulating material.

Materials

Despite the availability of a wide range of roofing materials, a considerable part of developers unconditionally trust structures made from corrugated sheets. No wonder: it is he who combines those two qualities that many centuries have painfully tried to combine - high strength and aesthetic perfection. Russians especially value corrugated sheeting for its resistance to snow and ice, and for the minimal accumulation of solid sediment on the surface. Additionally, choosing blocks of two different colors will help to improve the design characteristics of a roof made of corrugated sheets.

It should be noted that even quickly falling raindrops still make a fair amount of noise. So that those living in the house do not feel like the inhabitants of a giant drum at such moments, they will have to shell out some money to purchase sound insulation. When the clouds go away and the sun comes out, another problem appears - extreme heat. To sunbathe, you need to take a pad of soft fabric with you and wear shoes everywhere. And if the corrugated sheet is damaged, corrosion will spread inside at amazing speed.

Typical fastening of the sheet involves screwing it to the substrate using 7 - 8 screws. These fasteners are placed in a checkerboard style, so the roof structure is held more firmly. It is prohibited to use nails to attach the corrugated sheeting, otherwise at the first strong wind it will go flying. The skates are pressed with self-tapping screws to the tops of the corrugation every 3.5 - 4 cm. The ends must be covered with wind strips, screwing in the same screws in increments of 50 cm.

Important: you will have to work very carefully with a gable roof; this is an extremely dangerous type of repair. Even if the slopes are not steep and the weather forecast indicates complete calm, you cannot climb up without a safety belt tied to stable parts of the buildings. All manipulations with the profiled sheet are performed exclusively with gloves; you cannot press it towards yourself or others.

Prohibited:

• throw damaged sheets from above, even after warning about this (scattering is unpredictable);
• leave the tool unattended;

• touch the profiled sheet and carry out any work with it without special clothing and safety glasses;
• bend sheets.

Gable roofing made of polycarbonate is installed almost exclusively over greenhouses and other secondary buildings. But even this circumstance and the high transparency of polycarbonate do not give the right to take its installation lightly! The advantages of this coating are ease of machining, excellent strength, and a variety of design elements. The absolute exclusion of corrosion and bacterial contamination will also please you. For installation, you will have to take self-tapping screws of a special type, which are able to compensate for the intense thermal expansion of polycarbonate.

The monolithic type of coating with a thickness of 1.2 cm is recognized as anti-vandal: the impact of a large hammer with great force does not leave visible damage. Resistance to snow and wind will also be a tangible advantage.

The cellular variety cannot boast of such mechanical parameters, but it is much lighter. The rafter frame under both types of polycarbonate is created mainly from wood.

Honeycomb sheets are used for arched and dome structures, and if you need to make an arch of a significant radius, you will have to additionally install:

• supports;
• struts;
• profile stiffeners.

Straight polycarbonate roofs are built over open terraces, gazebos and small garden houses. The rafters for them are made of boards 4 cm thick. It is mandatory to treat the wood with an antiseptic composition and fire retardants. But painting in one way or another is left to the discretion of the homeowners themselves.

Much more often than from polycarbonate, roofs are built from wooden beams. The most popular sizes of its blocks are 5, 8, 7-meter options. It is logical to use similar structures on houses that are generally made of timber - this will provide an ideal combination. It must be remembered that the high mechanical stability of such a material does not mean that it is permissible to load it with excess weight. Therefore, the first step when calculating a structure is to find out what the level of overloads may be. The side beams are pulled together on the top row - due to this, the pressure from the rafter joists is reduced.

The screed will have to be made in pieces measuring 15x10 cm. Siding is also used in finishing gable roofs (more precisely, their gables). Metal profiles are actively used as the main finishing material. When choosing it, you need to check the ratio of the width of the bottom shelves and the ridge (if the ridge is smaller, the water flow will be more active). You should also evaluate how correctly the side gutters are positioned and whether they are broken. Another important point is the marking: the profile for walls and fences is not suitable for riding work.

When working with a gable roof, it is imperative to use additional elements.

When metal tiles are used, they solve three main problems at once:

• formation of a single whole instead of isolated blocks;
• prevention of penetration of moisture and foreign substances into the gaps of profile sheets;
• improving the decorative qualities of the coating.

The most important detail of a modern tiled roof is the ridge strip, which ensures the joining of slopes directed at an angle to each other. If there is no such strip, they are in different planes and a gap appears through which precipitation and wind can penetrate. On metal tiles, skates are most often placed in the form of a semicircle with a radius of 7-12.5 cm. A more universal solution is to use a trapezoidal or figured structure. In the last two cases, you can extend the wing by 15-30 cm, focusing on the shape of the roof and the slope of the slopes; The skate itself has a length of 200 cm in any configuration.

In addition to the ridge, you will need other parts to help complete the construction of the upper roof assembly. Plank caps (flat, conical or tent-shaped) are used exclusively for semicircular ridges. With their help, birds are blocked from visiting the under-roof space and it is possible to avoid its clogging.

The sealing underlay under the metal tiles helps ensure that the profile is pressed particularly tightly against the base of the roof. Thanks to this, both rattling sounds and the penetration of water into the under-roof space are excluded.

On a sloping gable roof, valley strips must be used, placed in negative angles. They will receive precipitation flowing from nearby slopes and direct it into the drain. The internal strip is placed under metal tiles or other profile sheets. The outer one is placed on an already formed roof, and this part must be elegant in appearance - otherwise it will not fulfill its function. The end or wind strip usually looks like a profile sheet bent in length; it is attached to the ends of the gable units.

The drip tray and the cornice strip are closely interconnected and act as additional parts of the drainage system. The adhesive strips provide a connection between the roof covering and the elements protruding beyond its contour. Even if there are no chimneys, there will definitely be antennas, intersections with walls, and so on. IN Russian conditions It won’t be possible to do without snow guards. Saving on any roofing components results in serious losses.

A metal roof with lightning protection is the only practical option. Protection against lightning damage is achieved by using special lightning discharge receivers made using pin or cable technology. It is advisable to consult with specialists to ensure reliable electrical contact of the roof along its entire length. The rafter system as a whole and each wooden fragment individually are always treated with fire-resistant reagents. The costs of such treatment are relatively low, and it allows you to minimize the likelihood of a roof fire.

Gable roofs are often created from profile pipes.

For the most part, such elements are awnings over:

• car parking place;
• outdoor recreation area and barbecue;
• swimming pool;
• terrace.

The pipe allows you to create an impeccably strong frame, and a corrugated sheet or polycarbonate is mounted on it. It is recommended to choose a flat piece of soil as a working platform. Covering the area with concrete or tiles will improve the decorative qualities, and placing it on an elevated area will help eliminate drainage problems.

The cross-section of the profile pipe is determined by how significant the structure is formed. If you take a 6x6 cm profile, it will no longer support canopies wider than 4 m and longer than 6 m. It is not at all necessary to choose round pipes for columns - if the parts are connected at right angles, square blocks will be even more practical. In addition to bolts and welding, clamps and threads can be used to mechanically connect parts. Do-it-yourself dyeing is no worse than branded dyeing, but 30-40% cheaper.

Some home craftsmen and even professionals believe that it would be best to cover the attic roof with clapboard. The advantages of this material are its environmental safety, comfortable price and excellent appearance.

Cedar wood has an excellent visual texture, in addition, it is also extremely beneficial for health.

Solid pine is strong and reliable, somewhat cheaper than cedar blanks.

It is also worth considering pine, oak, spruce or larch - each of these options has its own advantages.

Dimensions

Calculating the height of the roof is very important, and if you make a mistake in determining the dimensions of the ridge, you may encounter problems during use.

Whether the roof will be low or large depends on many subtleties and nuances:

• climatic parameters of the area;
• organization of the attic under the roof or its absence;
• type of laying material.

The heavier the coating being created, the steeper its installation should be. As the size of a single element decreases, the ridge rises higher. But we must not forget that raising the ridge inevitably entails costs, and the amount of costs increases rapidly. According to sanitary standards, a residential attic or an actively used attic cannot be less than 150 cm in height and 120 cm in length. An exception is made only for very complex structures.

Roof installation is a complex multi-step process. To independently assemble and install a rafter system, you need to carefully study the methods of connecting elements, calculate the length of the rafters and the slope angle, and select the appropriate materials. If you don’t have the necessary experience, you shouldn’t take on complex designs. The best option for a residential building small sizes– do-it-yourself gable roof.

A standard roof of this type consists of the following elements:

Mauerlat is a timber laid on top of the walls along the perimeter of the building. It is secured using threaded steel rods embedded in the wall or anchor bolts. The timber must be made of coniferous wood and have a square section of 100x100 mm or 150x150 mm. The Mauerlat takes on the load from the rafters and transfers it to the external walls.

Rafter legs- these are long boards with a cross section of 50x150 mm or 100x150 mm. They are attached to each other at an angle and give the roof a triangular shape. The structure of their two rafter legs is called a truss. The number of trusses depends on the length of the house and the type of roofing. Minimum distance between them is 60 cm, the maximum is 120 cm. When calculating the pitch of the rafter legs, you should take into account not only the weight of the covering, but also the wind load, as well as the amount of snow in winter.

It is located at the highest point of the roof and most often represents a longitudinal beam connecting both slopes. The beam is supported from below by vertical posts, and the ends of the rafters are attached to the sides. Sometimes the ridge consists of two boards that are nailed to the top of the rafters on both sides and connected at a certain angle.

Racks are vertical beams with a cross section of 100x100 mm, located inside each truss and used to transfer the load from the ridge run to the load-bearing walls inside the house.

The struts are made from scraps of timber and installed at an angle between the posts and rafters. The side edges of the truss are strengthened with struts and the bearing capacity designs.

Tie - a beam connecting the lower parts of the rafters, the base of the truss triangle. Together with the struts, such a beam serves to strengthen the truss and increase its resistance to loads.

A log is a long beam with a cross-section of 100x100 mm, laid along the central load-bearing wall, on which vertical posts rest. Lezhen is used when installing layered rafters when the run between the outer walls is more than 10 m.

The sheathing consists of boards or timber placed on the rafters. The sheathing can be continuous or with gaps, depending on the type of roof. It is always attached perpendicular to the direction of the rafters, most often horizontally.

If there is no more than 10 m between the external walls and there is no load-bearing wall in the middle, arrange hanging rafter system. With this system, the upper ends of adjacent rafters are sawn at an angle and connected to each other using nails, excluding the installation of racks and ridge beams. The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the external walls. Due to the absence of racks, the attic space can be used for arranging an attic. Very often, the function of tightening is performed by floor beams. To strengthen the structure, it is recommended to install the top tie at a distance of 50 cm from the ridge.

If there is a central supporting wall, the arrangement is more justified layered rafter system. A bench is laid on the wall, support posts are attached to it, and a ridge beam is nailed to the posts. This installation method is quite economical and easier to implement. If ceilings in interior spaces are designed at different levels, the racks are replaced brick wall, dividing the attic into two halves.

The roof installation process includes several stages: attaching the mauerlat to the walls, assembling the trusses, installing the rafters on the floors, installing the ridge, and attaching the sheathing. Before assembly, all wooden elements are carefully treated with any antiseptic composition and dried in air.

To work you will need:

• timber 100x10 mm and 150x150 mm;
• boards 50x150 mm;
• boards 30 mm thick for lathing;
• roofing felt;
• metal studs;
• jigsaw and hacksaw;
• hammer;
• nails and screws;
• square and building level.

IN wooden houses The functions of the mauerlat are performed by the logs of the last row, which significantly simplifies the work process. To install the rafters, it is enough to cut grooves of the appropriate size on the inside of the logs.

In brick houses or buildings made of blocks, installation of the Mauerlat occurs as follows:

The mauerlat bars must form a regular rectangle and be in the same horizontal plane. This will facilitate further installation of the roof and provide the structure with the necessary stability. Finally, markings are made on the beams for the rafters and grooves are cut along the thickness of the beam.

When choosing a hanging rafter system, it is necessary to assemble the trusses on the ground and then install them above the floors. First you need to draw up a drawing and calculate the length of the rafter legs and the angle of their connection. Typically, the roof slope is 35-40 degrees, but in open, heavily blown areas it is reduced to 15-20 degrees. To find out at what angle to connect the rafters, you should multiply the angle of the roof by 2.

Knowing the length of the purlin between the external walls and the angle of connection of the rafters, you can calculate the length of the rafter legs. Most often it is 4-6 m, taking into account the eaves overhang 50-60 cm wide.

The upper ends of the rafters can be fastened in several ways: overlapping, end-to-end and “into the paw”, that is, with grooves cut out. Metal plates or bolts are used for fixation. Next, the lower and upper ties are installed, and then the finished trusses are lifted up and installed above the floors.

The outer trusses are attached first: using a plumb line, the rafters are aligned vertically, the length of the overhang is adjusted and attached to the mauerlat with bolts or steel plates. To prevent the truss from moving during installation, it is reinforced with temporary beams made of timber. After installing the outer rafters, the rest are set, keeping the same distance between them. When all the trusses are secured, take a board with a cross-section of 50x150 mm, the length of which is 20-30 cm longer than the length of the cornice, and nail it along the upper edge of the slope. The same is done on the other side of the roof.

The first option: a rectangular groove is cut out on the rafter leg at the point where it touches the mauerlat, 1/3 of the width of the beam. Stepping back 15 cm from the top of the box, a steel spike is driven into the wall. The rafter is leveled, the grooves are aligned, then a wire clamp is placed on top and the beam is pulled close to the wall. The ends of the wire are securely fastened to the crutch. The lower edges of the rafters are carefully cut with a circular saw, leaving an overhang of 50 cm.

Second option: the upper rows of walls are laid out with a stepped cornice of bricks, and the mauerlat is placed flush with the inner surface of the wall and a groove is cut out in it for the rafter. The edge of the rafter leg is cut to the level of the upper corner of the cornice. This method is simpler than others, but the overhang is too narrow.

Third option: ceiling beams are extended beyond the edge of the outer wall by 40-50 cm, and roof trusses are installed on the beams. The ends of the rafter legs are cut at an angle and rest against the beams, secured with metal plates and bolts. This method allows you to slightly increase the width of the attic space.

Installation of layered rafters

Figure 1 shows the cutting of rafter struts into a bed laid on intermediate supports, and FIG. 2 - resting the rafter leg on the mauerlat

The procedure for installing a layered rafter system:

When the main elements are fixed, the surface of the rafters is treated with fire retardants. Now you can start making the sheathing.

For the sheathing, timber 50x50 mm is suitable, as well as boards 3-4 cm thick and 12 cm wide. Waterproofing material is usually laid under the sheathing to protect the rafter system from getting wet. The waterproofing film is laid in horizontal strips from the eaves to the roof ridge. The material is spread with an overlap of 10-15 cm, after which the joints are secured with tape. The lower edges of the film should completely cover the ends of the rafters.

It is necessary to leave a ventilation gap between the boards and the film, so first wooden slats 3-4 cm thick are stuffed onto the film, placing them along the rafters.

The next stage is covering the rafter system with boards; they are stuffed perpendicular to the slats, starting from the roof eaves. The pitch of the sheathing is influenced not only by the type of roofing, but also by the angle of inclination of the slopes: the greater the angle, the greater the distance between the boards.

After completing the installation of the sheathing, they begin cladding the gables and overhangs. You can cover the gables with boards, plastic panels, clapboard, waterproof plywood or corrugated sheeting - it all depends on your financial capabilities and personal preferences. The sheathing is attached to the side of the rafters; nails or screws are used as fasteners. Overhangs are also lined with various materials - from wood to siding.

Video - DIY gable roof

This is perhaps the most difficult thing about roof construction. In any case, for us - two men who did it for the first time. Where the roof is gable, there is nothing complicated at all: cut the same rafter legs and place them in the prepared places. And here we have a complete disgrace - one roof crashes into another, and another one below... We decided to take a time out, drink beer, consult with experienced people, and read smart books.

So we want to make not a gable roof, but a roof with the letter “L”, and the main (the largest, for which the rafters have already been installed) roof should be about a meter higher than the one that will crash into it. Then the plane of the small roof should smoothly transition into the plane of one of the slopes of the porch roof.

Something like this.

The eyes are afraid, the hands are doing. The roof is an integral element of the house, both structurally and visually. Therefore, it should look harmonious. You cannot make one roof with different slope angles. If you decide to make it with an angle of 28 degrees, then you need to make both the main roof and the slopes on the extension with a porch with this angle.

So, in order to estimate the height of the ridge of our additional roof, we need to know the distance of the base of the triangle of the future pediment. This is exactly the distance between the two rafters that we installed when building the main roof. Remember, I said that the tangent of the main roof will still be useful to us? This is exactly the moment. We take half the base of the triangle, multiply it by our tangent and get the height of the ridge of the additional roof.

7.60/2*0.538=2.04 m

The stand was taken 20 cm longer (the thickness of the floor beams) and secured vertically with its corners to the load-bearing wall. At the same height, in the area of ​​the previously installed racks, they built an incredible structure, on which they rested the purlin and screwed together everything they could with bolts, and what they couldn’t with angles and self-tapping screws. It turned out something like this.

And here is approximately that crazy design. We have no experience, so we play it safe at every step))))

Next we needed to place the inclined rafter of the valley, and if everything is approximately clear with the lower fastening, then this fastening at the top still needs to be found. We stretch the rope between the outermost large rafters.

The place where it touches the purlin will be the point for attaching the top of the inclined rafters. We measure the length of the inclined rafters. You need to try harder with sawing here. The result is an angle in two planes. Unfortunately, I can’t give exact advice here; I acted intuitively, and it didn’t work out the first time. If you know a good way, write in the comments. I think it will be useful. Please note that the rafter leg that is a little shorter on the right is all because it is planned to be continued, since the corners of the two roof planes should meet outside the box, and there is nothing to fasten there yet.

Next, we install the remaining rafters between the purlin and the inclined rafters. Horror, rafters on rafters. There is nothing complicated here - measure, saw off and screw on. This can already be seen in the photo below. I also forgot to write that we placed a stop under the inclined rafter. I marked it with a red arrow. Under the second one there is exactly the same one, but it is not visible behind the uncle. He did not take part in the construction of the roof; the task of these guys was to complete the brick gable, which it was decided to do at this stage.

Here are a few more angles, maybe it will be a little clearer.

About roof sheathing.

Are you just about to build your house and are looking for an unusual and energy-saving project? Then it’s time for you to think about a pitched roof, which is also called asymmetrical or asymmetrical. This differs from a regular roof in that its two slopes have different lengths or angles of inclination.

Most often, a gable roof with different slopes is implemented when it is necessary to create a single complex from a house and an extension, although in lately the classical canons of roof construction began to be forgotten, and ordinary architectural tasks began to be forgotten. Want to know why? This is interesting!

American architect Frank Lloyd once said: “Great architecture is a testament to the greatness of humanity.” Indeed, the evolution of the roof from ancient times to today is amazing. What architects of different times have not done with the roof of a residential building!

And what forms they created. Although the architecture of the last century is especially surprising in its diversity, where in the pursuit of unusualness, originality and craziness of ideas, simple residential buildings in projects and implementations turned into real space objects.

Sometimes the embodiment of the designer’s wild imagination did not have a single more or less recognizable architectural element - no roof, no walls in their classical sense... And at the turn of the century, the fashion for such buildings sharply declined - rather due to the irrationality of the design solutions themselves.

But humanity has drawn a lot of benefit from this: for example, with a light heart it moved away from the eternal classics of roof construction, taking note of new rational ideas. As a result, they began to build truly beautiful, albeit unusual, roofs of private houses. For example:

• placing one slope to the south;
• the second at a different angle, or longer, to the north;
• correctly calculating all loads from wind and snow;
• wisely organizing interior space Houses,

Such a builder achieves much more efficiency from his creation than if he had built an ordinary two-story house under a gable roof. Those. all the disadvantages were reclassified as advantages, and the originality remained at its best:

As modern architects have calculated, installing just one angle above 45 degrees significantly reduces the unused area of ​​the house. And this is worth a lot.

You might be surprised, but the asymmetrical roof is actually not that new. Even the ancient builders did not have modern computer programs and precise measuring instruments in their arsenal, as well as sufficient knowledge of stereometry. Therefore, they did not think too long about how perfectly level the roof still needed to be.

They used a long slingshot as the main measuring tool, and tied a cord and a plumb line to its ends. The slingshot was raised so that the plumb line pointed exactly to the middle of the end wall of the building. Next, the ends of the cord were stretched to the corners of the house. If necessary, the slingshot was raised higher or, conversely, lowered lower. Once the overhang was chosen, a special board was nailed to the wall of the house. The cord was attached to these bundles. This created a clear visual boundary for the future roof slopes.

Difficulties arose precisely with the second roof slope. The fact is that it was difficult to place the second board at the same height as the first because for a long time in Russia houses were built from round timber. It is almost impossible to distribute such walls in one plane to the horizon. Therefore, transferring the size of one board to the second was hopeless.

For more accurate measurements, a water level was already needed. Only with the help of this tool is the horizon of the future roof relatively flat, and the ridge is placed in the center. But in most cases, especially when construction took place in remote rural areas, the local residents were not spoiled with such tools, and therefore almost everything was done by eye. And yes, the slopes of the roofs were often really different.

What’s even more interesting is that a truly asymmetrical pitched roof was found in Ancient Rus' and as a separate specific type of architecture. Mostly these could be seen in wooden houses and palaces that belonged to rich people. Then it was with the help of architecture that the significance of the wealth of the owners of such buildings was conveyed:

Therefore, local architects of that time looked for every way to make the same tower different from a simple hut. Here it was already customary to cover each log house with a separate roof, even if the buildings were built by each other.

Each slope was directed and wrapped in a special way, using a variety of possible endings. Moreover, the log houses themselves were built at different heights, which is why the roofs were often noticeably lopsided.

But we note that the often encountered multi-slope roof, in which the slopes do not meet in one ridge at the top, cannot be called gable. It's more like two separate ones pitched roofs, which are built separately and each according to its own rules.

Advantages and disadvantages of pitched roofs

What is so good about an asymmetrical roof that for the sake of its benefits many are willing to risk both the strength of the house and the durability of the roof over their own heads? Let's list them.

Uniqueness and design

The asymmetrical roof always looks stylish in any location. In our country, after so many centuries of constant construction of gable gables, any such projects are already striking, causing surprise and leaving an indelible impression.

Moreover, if you want to create a completely unique house architecture, then the easiest way to realize your crazy idea is with the help of such a solution as different slopes.

Advantageous architecture

Note that working with an asymmetrical gable roof is more pleasant and interesting for any architect. After all, now he does not need to first draw the contours of the house - a typical rectangle, and only then fit everything that he and his customer planned there. Now there are no frames: first you design the interior space of the house, make it the way you want, and the shape your imagination tells you.

Now you can place a garage, a veranda, or any gazebo near your house, and you won’t have to worry about building it all on more than one foundation and attaching different roofs. Now, once your project is ready on paper, you simply draw the roof on top so that it covers everything.

And many more valuable advantages:

Most often, an asymmetric roof is built when the second floor of the house is planned to be incomplete. For example, the area of ​​the first floor is 120 square meters, and the second - only 60. In this case, the roof covers only two or three rooms on the upper floor, and the rest of the space remains open.

What is good about such construction, and what is attractive about such a project? First of all, the pressure on the foundation of such a house is much less than that of a full-fledged two-story building. And at the same time, the foundation itself no longer needs to be built too wide, designed for extra square meters.

Often, an asymmetrical roof is also used to install any necessary equipment, for example, solar panels.

Resisting the Elements

A pitched roof is good because this design solves problems with strong winds and snowfalls. The fact is that if in a certain area almost the same wind direction prevails, then it makes sense to build a pitched roof so that on the windy side it has a flatter slope, and on the quieter side it has a steeper slope.

This approach solves the problem of distributing the load from wind and snow at a time, whereas it is usually difficult to decide whether to make the roof peaked, thus getting rid of tons of snowflakes, or flat so that it does not get torn off in the first storm.

A real “salvation” for the attic

The fact is that a typical attic under an ordinary gable roof is the most disadvantageous and looks unpleasant, even psychologically oppressive. It's all about the geometry of the interior: the incomprehensible dark space under the very ridge completely deprives the impression of the attic as a living space, and the sharp slope of the slopes and sharp corners certainly do not add comfort.

Of course, modern designers are enterprising and cunning, and have already learned to use all these shortcomings to their advantage, arranging wardrobes, and organizing such space as something profitable and stylish. If you look at the finished interior design of such an attic, the so-called “wow effect” immediately appears and it seems that living in such an attic is a complete pleasure.

But in fact, for the most part, all this is beautiful - only in a glossy picture, but in life such an attic, as it turns out, has too little usable area. Therefore, a gable roof with different slopes is a much more optimal solution. Especially the roof, which has a displaced ridge.

In this case, the geometry of the attic is no longer so unusual, and one of the walls may well even be vertical if you, without regret, lose some half a meter of sharp space under this slope:

Some architects even recommend building asymmetrical roofs for attic houses, namely, gable roofs with different slopes. So that the cornice is brought forward and is a separate expressive architectural device. But, note, a gable roof with different slopes in 90% of cases is actually built without an attic.

To make or not to make such a roof?

Essentially, you have two aspects on the scales:

• On the first bowl: uniqueness, design and some functional advantages.
• On the second side: the difficulty of executing such projects.

Therefore, decide for yourself what is more important to you: uniqueness or simplicity, and whether you are ready to work for many long hours detailed drawing, calculate every little detail and risk, in fact, the whole building if you don’t have enough experience. But in order to be proud of yourself and have extra comfortable space in the house. Let's just say: in this regard, modern developers are becoming bolder and bolder!

Types of pitched roof structures

Note that the classic gable roof is the simplest design solution. Let us highlight the main types of pitched roofs:

• Asymmetrical. In this roof, the slopes are connected at the ridge and are located at the same angle of inclination. But at the same time, one slope can be significantly longer than the other, due to which such a roof is perceived as original and unusual. And sometimes the difference between the slopes is not great, and in such a roof asymmetry is not visible even at first glance.
• Partially broken. Such a roof differs from a classic gable roof only in that one of its slopes has a break - to cover an extension, for example. But, despite the similarity of the design with the usual one, the calculation of loads is carried out differently.
• Asymmetrical roof. This is the most original and unusual roof; this is the kind of roof that is built when they want the room on the second floor or in the attic to be spacious, more familiar and not have dark sharp corners. In this case, one slope has a different angle of inclination and length. There are many advantages to this design, believe me.
• Asymmetrical with offset center. This roof has almost the same design as the standard one, but its ridge is now located in the center with some offset. The length of the slope and the angles of inclination of such a roof will naturally be different. As a result, such a design causes the most surprise, but also has the most valuable advantages in terms of attic space, which does not have to be modest or uncomfortable.

For example, modern houses of the Solomon project are distinguished, first of all, by the fact that they have a gable roof with different slopes. And the good thing about designing residential buildings according to the Solomon type is that here you can make your own changes, refine the design and architecture of the house.

Review of the most successful projects and examples of construction

As you may have guessed, if you build a gable roof with different slopes, the architect doesn’t have much choice: the same slopes, but at a different angle, slopes of different lengths, but at the same angle, their variations, and the option with an offset ridge. And each of these projects has its own advantages and disadvantages, which we will discuss separately.

Different angle of inclination, but equal length of slopes

In this example, the slopes have the same length, but are located at different angles: one is higher, the other is lower. This was conceived in order to place a spacious terrace on one side of the house, and a small utility block on the other. If the entire roof were as shallow as one of its slopes, then home owners would have problems with snow accumulation. But the utility block usually does not require a high ceiling.

Note that this option is the most gentle for designing a pitched roof and it exerts almost no different pressure on the foundation. And here’s how to build a gable roof with different slope angles of equal-length slopes:

The only disadvantage of this option is the design. Believe me, it is much easier to calculate the slopes that are at the same angle of inclination, and it is much easier to attach them to the ridge.

Different lengths of slopes, but one angle of inclination

In this option, one of the slopes is slightly or significantly longer than the other. Like in this example:

Here one of the slopes is much longer than the other, thanks to which the roof covered not only the house, but nearby attached veranda. And at the same time, the long slope itself rests not only on the house, but also on the extension, thereby maintaining a balance in the load from the roof.

Here is another good example of the construction of such a roof, however, the longer slope here covers not an extension, but part of the house itself:

Another project:

But in this project, the roof of the house has the same slopes on one side, and different slopes on the other:

Slopes of different shapes and lengths

But this option is more rational in terms of evenly distributing the load on the walls of the house, because thanks to the fracture there is no longer one pushing force of the rafter system:

Please note that such a roof has additional supports under the refraction. And keep in mind that any kinks are always the most problematic areas of the roof.

The most unusual gable roofs

Such projects of pitched roofs no longer belong to those listed above due to their non-standard nature. But these are rare:

In this project, the whole point was to create a stylish and unusual second floor room instead of a typical corner attic. Interesting idea, don't you agree? Such cut floors exert half the pressure on the foundation, and therefore much less money needs to be spent on its construction (as well as on heating the entire house). And the foundation, as you know, costs at least 30% of the cost of building the entire house.

And one more project as an example, with one broken slope:

Gable roof with offset center ridge

It’s more difficult to figure out the skate, but everything is doable:

But especially carefully it is necessary to design the load from a displaced ridge on a timber structure. After all, the walls settle quite strongly in the first year, up to 15%, and therefore it is important to prevent the entire roof from skewing later:

How to build a gable roof with different slopes

So, as you already understand, a roof with different slopes is quite complex in its design. Why is this so? The fact is that the ridge of such a roof is rarely in the center and, as a result, the slopes do not transfer the load evenly. That is why the architect, when working with such projects, has to carefully calculate the rafter system, and according to completely different formulas than usual.

So, for example, the central load will no longer come from the ridge itself, and therefore the subcortex will have to be placed a little to the side. But, at its core, an asymmetrical gable roof still consists of two triangles - only this time they are unequal.

But this roof geometry also has your formula. Therefore, if you want to change something in one of the triangles, changes will occur throughout the entire asymmetrical roof. Keep in mind that when building such architectural delights, you will not be able to try everything on by eye. And even more so, then you won’t make any changes.

So how can you independently calculate and build an asymmetrical gable roof? Modern computer programs will help you, which can calculate the required pressure of the rafters on the mauerlats and the exact location of the required central support. It will be difficult to calculate all this on your own, although it is possible.

So, if we're talking about about a symmetrical roof, which simply has different lengths of slopes, then keep in mind that the slope that is longer puts more pressure on the entire rafter system and on the wall of the building. Due to the fact that it took more building material and more roofing. Usually for strong walls of a house this does not play a special role, but if you are building a frame structure or walls made of blocks, create additional support for such a slope, for example, almost at the very eaves.

Just remember that a roof with different slopes is calculated using different formulas. In fact, here you will need to make two whole calculations of two pitched roofs, which are simply connected together with one ridge.

Load distribution on slopes

What we have listed is not the only option for constructing pitched gable roofs. In fact, today architects no longer adhere to strict rules regarding such design and give free rein to their imagination. Why they are valued as specialists.

Our main task so that your home is reliably protected from precipitation and cold. And all this is achieved with the help of a well-thought-out design, and it does not necessarily have to be standard, like a hut or a mansion. Despite the fact that a pitched roof is a little far from the design of a classic gable roof, its rafter system must also be carefully calculated.

Particular attention should be paid to loads and their correct distribution on the walls of the building. After all, the most important mistake in private construction is when the roof is designed in an unusual way, and even its ability to withstand wind and snow is calculated correctly by home craftsmen, but the roof covering is not included in the load.

What does this mean? There are not yet many completed projects with pitched roofs in our country, and therefore it is difficult to track what exactly happens to such houses in 20-30 years. There is simply no such experience yet. But we can assure you that in world practice there have already been cases when the load from the roof was calculated incorrectly, and as a result the building simply collapsed over time, not to mention serious distortions. We don't want this, do we?

And this is work with drawings and computer calculations. After all, it is important to ensure that the new roof can withstand any load perfectly and is stable both during heavy snowfall and during winds.

If your architect is against it

Note that today some architects are categorically against the construction of a gable roof with different slopes. All due to the fact that for more than one century the gable roof in Russia was almost the only form. Today, for many professionals in their field, when it comes to the roof, symmetry is the defining element.

In the roof they want to see unambiguous shapes and clear lines that come together at the top. Note that such a smart classic gable roof is also perceived as more comfortable and more familiar, which is why customers themselves often refuse unconventional projects.

But for the more advanced architects of our time, modern roofs are, first of all, new technical solutions. They are designed to improve such indicators of private construction as reliability, durability and functionality. Therefore, today the priority in terms of roof construction is not traditions and ideal geometry, but economy of building materials, originality, which is now so lacking, and the most efficient distribution of useful living space.

Extensions to a house, as a rule, are built in cases where it is necessary to expand the living space, arrange a veranda or terrace for summer recreation, or obtain additional space to accommodate a garage or any utility rooms. Of course, such an extension must have a reliable roof. And very often in such cases, questions are raised by the connection of the roof of the extension with the walls of the main building or with its roof. These areas are the most vulnerable to the likelihood of leaks, which, unfortunately, happens quite often if installed incorrectly.

To figure out how to make a high-quality roof, it makes sense to analyze in detail some of the nuances various options its construction. Naturally, while drawing special attention to carry out waterproofing work when constructing joints and junction lines.

A few words about the basic roof structure

To make it easier to understand the terminology in the future, so to speak, “speak the same language,” it makes sense to consider schematic diagram roof structures. The hip version is taken as an example, simply because it usually includes almost all the elements that make up a rafter system of any type.

So, the rafter system consists of the following parts, each of which has a specific purpose:

• Mauerlat - this is a powerful beam, laid and secured around the perimeter of the house on its load-bearing walls. It is intended for the most uniform weight distribution of the entire roof structure and external loads falling on it. Very often it is on this structural element that the underside of the rafter legs is fixed.
• - these, one might say, are the main parts of any system, forming the roof slopes and serving as the basis for fastening the sheathing and roofing material. Rafters are made from boards that have the cross-section necessary to ensure strength.
• Diagonal (sloping) rafters - these elements are part of the hip, half-hip and multi-gable rafter system. They are installed at the corners of the building and connect them to the ridge girder (ridge).
• Narozhniki - this is also a rafter, but has a shorter length. They rest their ends on the mauerlat and diagonal (hip) rafters. (with a multi-gable roof - on the ridge girder and diagonal rafter)
• Ridge run - a longitudinal board or beam onto which the rafters are fixed in their upper part.
• Tightening - horizontalq timber or board, fastening together opposite rafter legs in a pair, in their lower or middle part. The bottom ties can also simultaneously serve as attic floor beams. If they are installed in the middle part of the rafters, then the rafter system may additionally include a beam that acts as a floor beam.
• Racks or headstocks - structural reinforcement elements. They are installed on a tie (or on a bench installed on an internal main wall) and support the ridge girder or directly the rafter leg, thereby reducing its span between the support points.
• Strut - a diagonally located reinforcement element, resting on one side against the rafter leg, and on the other, against the tie, bench or stand. This part of the rafter system serves to give it additional rigidity, and also helps to remove part of the load from the weight of the structure from the walls of the building.
• Sprengel - element, characteristic of hip rafter systems. This is timber contracting in the corners there is a mauerlat and serves as the basis for the racks supporting the diagonal rafters (which are usually the largest in length). This reinforcement detail also helps relieve the load from the walls of the house.
• Wind beam - an optional, but still quite often used element of system strengthening. This is a diagonally located board, which is fixed on the rafter legs from the attic side and makes the structure more rigid. This element is necessary if the roof slopes have a steep slope. Usually placed on the windward side.
• filly - a board or beam with which the rafter legs are built up in the lower part. They are usually designed to form the eaves overhang of roof slopes.

Prices for fastenings for rafters

fastenings for rafters

So, the main elements in any rafter system are the elements that form the roof slopes - these are the rafters and the ridge girder. The remaining parts can be considered auxiliary, so only some of them can be used in different systems.

Types of extension roofs

What options are possible in principle?

First, it’s worth figuring out what the roof of an extension to a house might be like. It is quite obvious that its type will directly depend on the design of the main rafter system and how the extension is located relative to the main building.

So, or expansion of the residential building, or the extension of a separate auxiliary room can be carried out on one, two or even three sides of the house. Therefore, the roof for it can have different types of construction.

The most popular option for an extension roof is, as it has the simplest design and is not particularly difficult to install. This option is usually used when an extension is being made on only one side of the house, usually along its long side.

However, the roof of the extension can also have a gable, half-hip or hip structure. There are even more complex configurations of rafter systems, which, in combination with the roof of the main building, form a multi-gable structure. But they are usually planned during a complete renovation of a house, thus even changing its architectural style.

Most often, the owners of average private houses do not bother too much and choose a simple pitched roof for an extension located along one of the walls of the building.