Russian foreign policy in the 17th century - briefly. Russian foreign policy in the 17th century Main events of foreign policy in the 17th century

For many years, Russian foreign policy in the 17th century was guided by several key goals. The first Romanovs sought to return as much of the East Slavic lands as possible, taken by Poland, and to gain access to the Baltic (which was controlled by Sweden). It was also during this period that the first wars against Turkey began. This confrontation was at initial stage and reached its apogee in the next century. Other regions where Russia sought to maintain its interests were the Caucasus and the Far East.

Troubles and war with Poland

The 17th century began tragically for Russia. The Rurik dynasty that ruled the country was ended. The brother-in-law of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, Boris Godunov, came to power. His rights to the throne remained controversial and numerous opponents of the monarch took advantage of this. In 1604, an army under the command of the impostor False Dmitry invaded Russia from Poland. The contender for the throne found every support in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This episode began the Russian-Polish War, which ended only in 1618.

The conflict between two long-time neighbors had deep historical roots. Therefore, the entire foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century was based on confrontation with Poland. The rivalry resulted in a series of wars. The first of them, in the 17th century, turned out to be unsuccessful for Russia. Although False Dmitry was overthrown and killed, the Poles later occupied Moscow on their own and controlled the Kremlin from 1610 to 1612.

Only the people's militia, assembled by national heroes Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, managed to expel the interventionists. Then a Zemsky Council was held, at which Mikhail Romanov was elected the legitimate king. The new dynasty stabilized the situation in the country. Nevertheless, many border lands remained in the hands of the Poles, including Smolensk. Therefore, all further Russian foreign policy in the 17th century was aimed at the return of original Russian cities.

Loss of the Baltic coast

Even Vasily Shuisky, fighting against the Poles, entered into an alliance with Sweden. In the Battle of Klushino in 1610, this coalition was defeated. Russia found itself paralyzed. The Swedes took advantage of the current situation and themselves began to capture its cities near their border. They took control of Ivangorod, Korela, Yam, Gdov, Koporye and, finally, Novgorod.

Swedish expansion stopped under the walls of Pskov and Tikhvin. The sieges of these fortresses ended in fiasco for the Scandinavians. Then the Russian army drove them out of their lands, although some of the fortresses remained in the hands of foreigners. The war with Sweden ended in 1617 with the signing of the Stolbovsky Peace Treaty. According to it, Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea and paid its neighbor a large indemnity of 20 thousand rubles. At the same time, the Swedes returned Novgorod. The consequence of the Stolbovo Peace was that Russian foreign policy in the 17th century acquired another important goal. Having recovered from the horrors of the Time of Troubles, the country began the struggle to return to the shores of the Baltic.

Smolensk War

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645) there was only one major armed conflict with another country. It turned out to be the Smolensk War (1632 - 1634) against Poland. This campaign was led by commanders Mikhail Shein, Semyon Prozorovsky and Artemy Izmailov.

Before the war, Moscow diplomats tried to win over Sweden and the Ottoman Empire to their side. The anti-Polish coalition never came together. As a result, I had to fight alone. Nevertheless, Russia's foreign policy goals in the 17th century remained the same. The key task (return of Smolensk) was not completed. The months-long siege of the city ended with the surrender of Shein. The parties ended the war with the Peace of Polyanovsky. The Polish king Vladislav IV returned Trubchevsk and Serpeisk to Russia, and also renounced his claims to the Russian throne (preserved since the Time of Troubles). For the Romanovs it was an intermediate success. Further struggle was postponed to the future.

Conflict with Persia

Mikhail Fedorovich's heir, Alexey, was more active than his father in the international arena. And although his main interests were in the west, he had to face challenges in other regions. So, in 1651, a conflict broke out with Persia.

Foreign policy Russia in the 17th century, in short, began to come into contact with many states with which the Rurikovichs had not yet dealt. In the Caucasus, such a new country turned out to be Persia. The troops of her dynasty, the Safavids, attacked lands controlled by the Russian kingdom. The main struggle was for Dagestan and the Caspian Sea. The trips ended in nothing. Alexey Mikhailovich did not want the conflict to escalate. He sent an embassy to Shah Abbas II and in 1653 the war was stopped and the status quo was restored on the border. Nevertheless, the Caspian issue persisted. Later, Peter I led the offensive here in the 18th century.

Annexation of Smolensk, Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv

The main success of Alexei Mikhailovich in foreign policy was the next war with Poland (1654 - 1667). The first stage of the campaign resulted in the unconditional defeat of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Zaporozhye and Moscow troops entered Ukraine and thus actually reunited the lands of the Eastern Slavs.

In 1656, a temporary Truce of Vilna was concluded between the parties. It was caused by the Swedish invasion of Poland and the simultaneous outbreak of war between the Swedes and Russians. In 1660, the Poles tried to carry out a counteroffensive, but it ended in failure. The war finally ended in 1667 after the signing of the Truce of Andrusovo. According to that agreement, the Smolensk region, Kyiv and the entire Left Bank Ukraine were annexed to Moscow. Thus, Alexey Mikhailovich successfully completed the task to which Russian foreign policy was subordinated in the 17th century. The short truce could still be interrupted by war again, so the conflict required further negotiations, which ended under Princess Sophia.

Fight with Sweden

As mentioned above, having achieved success in Ukraine, Alexey Mikhailovich decided to try his luck in the Baltic. The long-gestating revenge war with Sweden began in 1656. She turned out to be two years old. The fighting spanned Livonia, Finland, Ingria and Karelia.

Russia's foreign policy in the 17th and 18th centuries, in short, aimed to gain access to the Western seas, since this would allow for the establishment of better ties with Europe. This is exactly what Alexey Mikhailovich wanted to achieve. In 1658, the Truce of Valiesar was concluded, according to which Russia retained part of the lands in Livonia. However, three years later, Moscow diplomats had to agree to restore the previous borders in order to avoid a war on two fronts against Sweden and Poland at the same time. This order was consolidated by the Treaty of Kardis. The Baltic ports were never received.

War with Turkey

At the end of the Russian-Polish confrontation, the Ottoman Empire intervened in it, which sought to conquer Right Bank Ukraine. In the spring of 1672, an army of 300,000 invaded. She defeated the Poles. Subsequently, the Turks and Crimean Tatars also fought against Russia. In particular, the Belgorod defensive line was attacked.

The main directions of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century in many ways turned out to be a logical prologue to foreign Politics XVII I century. This pattern is especially evident in the example of the struggle for hegemony in the Black Sea. During the era of Alexei Mikhailovich and his son Fyodor, the Turks last tried to expand their possessions in Ukraine. That war ended in 1681. Türkiye and Russia drew borders along the Dnieper. The Zaporozhye Sich was also declared independent from Moscow.

Eternal peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The entire domestic and foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century depended heavily on relations with Poland. Periods of war and peace influenced the economy, social situation and the mood of the population. Relations between the two powers were finally settled in 1682. That spring, the countries concluded Eternal Peace.

The articles of the agreement stipulated the division of the Hetmanate. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth abandoned the protectorate that had existed over the Zaporozhye Sich for a long time. The provisions of the Andrusovo Truce were confirmed. Kyiv was recognized as an “eternal” part of Russia - for this Moscow paid compensation in the amount of 146 thousand rubles. Subsequently, the agreement allowed the formation of an anti-Swedish coalition during the Northern War. Also thanks to the Perpetual Peace, Russia and Poland joined forces with the rest of Europe in the fight against the Ottoman Empire.

Treaty of Nerchinsk

Even during the time of Ivan the Terrible, Russia began the colonization of Siberia. Gradually, brave peasants, Cossacks, hunters and industrialists moved further and further to the east. In the 17th century they reached Pacific Ocean. Here, the objectives of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century were to establish friendly relations with China.

For a long time the border between the two states was not marked, which led to various incidents and conflicts. To stop misunderstandings, a delegation of diplomats led by Fyodor Golovin went to the Far East. Russian and Chinese representatives met in Nerchinsk. In 1689, they signed an agreement according to which the border between the powers was established along the banks of the Argun River. Russia lost the Amur region and Albazin. The agreement turned out to be a diplomatic defeat for the government of Sofia Alekseevna.

Crimean campaigns

After reconciliation with Poland, Russian foreign policy at the end of the 17th century was directed towards the Black Sea and Turkey. For a long time, the country was haunted by the raids of the Crimean Khanate, a state that was in vassal relations with the Ottoman Empire. The campaign against a dangerous neighbor was led by Prince Vasily Golitsyn, the favorite of Princess Sofia Alekseevna.

In total, two Crimean campaigns took place (in 1687 and 1689). They weren't particularly successful. Golitsyn did not capture other people's fortresses. Nevertheless, Russia diverted significant forces of the Crimeans and Turks, which helped its European allies in the general anti-Ottoman war. Thanks to this, the Romanovs significantly increased their international prestige.

Azov campaigns

Sofya Alekseevna was deprived of power by her younger brother Peter, who grew up and did not want to share powers with the regent. The young tsar continued Golitsyn's work. His first military experience was connected precisely with the confrontation with Turkey.

In 1695 and 1696 Peter led two campaigns against Azov. On the second attempt, the Turkish fortress was captured. Nearby, the monarch ordered the founding of Taganrog. For his success near Azov, voivode Alexei Shein received the title of generalissimo. So, two directions of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century (southern and “Polish”) were marked by success. Now Peter turned his attention to the Baltic. In 1700, he started the Northern War against Sweden, which immortalized his name. But that was already the history of the 18th century.

Results

The 17th century for Russia was rich in foreign policy events (both successes and failures). The result of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the century was the loss of many territories, including the Baltic coast and the Smolensk region. The reigning Romanov dynasty set about correcting the mistakes of its predecessors.

The peculiarities of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century turned out to be such that the greatest success awaited it in the Polish direction. Not only was Smolensk returned, but also Kyiv and Left Bank Ukraine. Thus, Moscow for the first time began to control all the key lands of the Old Russian state.

The results in two other directions were more contradictory: the Baltic and the Black Sea. In the north, an attempt at revenge with Sweden failed, and this task fell on the shoulders of Peter I, who entered the new 18th century with his country. The same situation occurred with the southern seas. And if at the end of the 17th century Peter occupied Azov, then later he lost it, and the task of expansion in this region was completed only under Catherine II. Finally, under the first Romanovs, the colonization of Siberia continued, and the first contacts with China were established in the Far East.

The video lesson “Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th Century” examines the goals, objectives, and directions of Russian foreign policy. The focus is on the main events that left their mark on Russian foreign policy in the 17th century. The inconsistency of Russian foreign policy is emphasized: the first half of the century was the desire to retain what they had, the second half of the century was the desire to return lost lands in the west and south, as well as the designation Russian borders in the east of the country.

Main directions of foreign policy

Russia's foreign policy throughout the 17th century. was aimed at solving four main problems: 1. The return of all the original Russian lands that were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; 2. Providing access to the Baltic Sea, lost after the Stolbovo Peace Treaty; 3. Ensuring reliable security of the southern borders and the fight against the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire for access to the Black Sea and 4. Further advance to Siberia and the Far East.

Smolensk War (1632-1634)

Rice. 1. Episode of the Smolensk War ()

After the death of the elderly Polish king Sigismund III Vasa in June 1632, on the initiative of Patriarch Philaret, the Zemsky Sobor was convened, which decided to start new war with Poland for the return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Patriarch Filaret blesses his son ()

IN August 1632G. The Russian army was sent to Smolensk, consisting of three regiments - Bolshoi (Mikhail Shein), Advanced (Semyon Prozorovsky) and Storozhevoy (Bogdan Nagoy). In the fall of 1632, they captured Roslavl, Serpeysk, Nevel, Starodub, Trubchevsky and in early December began the siege of Smolensk, the defense of which was held by the Polish garrison under the command of Hetman A. Gonsevsky (Fig. 1).

Due to the lack of heavy weapons, the siege of Smolensk clearly dragged on, and in the meantime, by agreement with Warsaw, the Crimean Tatars made a devastating raid on the lands of Ryazan, Belevsky, Kaluga, Serpukhov, Kashira and other southern districts, as a result of which the army of M. Shein began mass desertion of nobles.

Meanwhile, the dynastic crisis ended in Poland, and Sigismund’s son Vladislav IV secured the throne, who, at the head of a large army, hurried to the aid of the besieged Smolensk. In September 1633, the Polish army forced M. Shein to lift the siege of Smolensk, and then surrounded the remnants of his army east of the Dnieper. In February 1634 M. Shein capitulated, leaving the siege artillery and camp property to the enemy.

Then Vladislav moved to Moscow, but, having learned that the defense of the capital was held by the Russian army led by princes D. Pozharsky and D. Cherkassky, he sat down at the negotiating table, which ended in June 1634. signing of the Polyanovsky Peace Treaty. Under the terms of this agreement: 1. Vladislav renounced claims to the Russian throne and recognized Mikhail Romanov as the legitimate tsar; 2. Poland returned all Smolensk and Chernigov cities; 3. Moscow paid Warsaw a huge war indemnity of 20 thousand rubles. The Tsar took the defeat in this war very painfully and, according to the boyar verdict, the governors M.B. Shein and A.V. Izmailov was beheaded on Red Square in Moscow.

Annexation of Eastern Siberia and the Far East

IN first halfXVIIV. Russian Cossacks and “willing” people continued the development of Eastern Siberia and founded here the Yenisei (1618), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Bratsk (1630), Kirensky (1631), Yakut (1632), Verkholsky (1642) and other forts, which became their strongholds points in these harsh but fertile lands.

IN middleXVIIV. The Russian government began to pursue a more active policy on the eastern borders of the state, and for this purpose, a new Siberian Order was separated from the Kazan Order, which for many years headed by Prince Alexey Nikitich Trubetskoy (1646-1662) and okolnichy Rodion Matveevich Streshnev (1662-1680). It was they who initiated many military expeditions, among which a special place was occupied by the expeditions of Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov (1643-1646), Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (1648) (Fig. 3) and Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov (1649-1653), during which the eastern the Pacific coast and the southern regions of the Far East, where the Okhotsk (1646) and Albazinsky (1651) forts were founded.

Rice. 3. Expedition of S. Dezhnev ()

TO endXVIIV. the number of military garrisons of Siberian forts and fortresses already exceeded 60 thousand servicemen and Cossacks. This seriously alarmed neighboring China, which in 1687 attacked the Albazinsky fort and ruined it. Military operations with the Manchus continued for two years, until the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed in 1689, according to which Russia lost lands along the Amur River.

National liberation war of Little Russia against Poland (1648-1653)

New Russian-Polish War (1654-1667) became a direct consequence of a sharp aggravation of the situation in the Little Russian voivodeships of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where the Russian Orthodox population was subjected to severe national, religious and social oppression. New stage The struggle of the Little Russian people against the oppression of lordly Poland is associated with the name of Bogdan Mikhailovich Zinoviev-Khmelnitsky, who in 1648 was elected Kosh hetman of the Zaporozhye army and called on the Zaporozhye Cossacks and Ukrainian villagers to start a national liberation war against gentry Poland.

Conventionally, this war can be divided into two main stages:

1. 1648-1649- the first stage of the war, which was marked by the defeat of the Polish armies of hetmans N. Pototsky and M. Kalinovsky in 1648 at the battles of Zheltye Vody, near Korsun and Pilyavtsy and the ceremonial entry of B. Khmelnytsky into Kyiv.

IN August 1649 After the grandiose defeat of the Polish crown army at Zborow, the new Polish king John II Casimir signed the Treaty of Zborow, which contained the following points: 1. B. Khmelnytsky was recognized as the hetman of Ukraine; 2. The Kiev, Bratslav and Chernigov voivodeships were transferred to his control; 3. The quartering of Polish troops was prohibited on the territory of these voivodeships; 4. The number of registered Cossacks increased from 20 to 40 thousand sabers;

2. 1651-1653-the second stage of the war, which began in June 1651 with the battle of Berestechko, where, due to the betrayal of the Crimean Khan Ismail-Girey, B. Khmelnitsky suffered a major defeat from the army of Jan Casimir. The consequence of this defeat was the signing in September 1651. Belotserkovsky Peace Treaty, under the terms of which: 1. B. Khmelnitsky was deprived of the right to foreign relations; 2. Only the Kiev Voivodeship remained under his control; 3. The number of registered Cossacks was again reduced to 20 thousand sabers.

IN May 1652G. in the battle of Batog, B. Khmelnytsky (Fig. 4) inflicted a major defeat on the army of Hetman M. Kalinovsky. And in October 1653 The Cossacks defeated the Polish crown army near Zhvanets. As a result, Jan Casimir was forced to sign the Zhvanetsky Peace Treaty, which exactly reproduced the conditions of the Zborovsky Peace Treaty.

Rice. 4. Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Painting by Orlenov A.O.

Meanwhile October 1, 1653 A Zemsky Council was held in Moscow, at which a decision was made to reunite Little Russia with Russia and start a war with Poland. To formalize this decision, a Grand Embassy was sent to Little Russia, headed by the boyar V. Buturlin, and on January 8, 1654, the Great Rada was held in Pereyaslavl, at which all articles of the treaty were approved, which determined the conditions for Little Russia to join Russia on the basis of autonomy.

5. Russian-Polish War (1654-1667)

In historical science, this war is traditionally divided into three military campaigns:

1. Military campaign 1654-1656. It began in May 1654 with the entry of three Russian armies into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: the first army (Alexey Mikhailovich) moved to Smolensk, the second army (A. Trubetskoy) to Bryansk, and the third army (V. Sheremetyev) to Putivl. In June - September 1654, Russian armies and Zaporozhye Cossacks, having defeated the armies of hetmans S. Pototsky and J. Radziwill, occupied Dorogobuzh, Roslavl, Smolensk, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Gomel, Orsha and other Russian and Belarusian cities. In 1655, the first Russian army captured Minsk, Grodno, Vilna, Kovno and reached the Brest region, and the second Russian army, together with the Cossacks, defeated the Poles near Lvov.

They decided to take advantage of the military failures of the Polish crown in Stockholm, which forced Moscow and Warsaw in October 1656. sign the Vilna Truce and begin joint fighting against Sweden.

2. Military campaign 1657-1662. After the death of B. Khmelnitsky, Ivan Vygovsky became the new hetman of Ukraine, who betrayed Moscow and 1658. signed the Gadyach Peace Treaty with Warsaw, recognizing himself as a vassal of the Polish crown. At the beginning of 1659, the united Crimean-Ukrainian army under the command of I. Vygovsky and Magomet-Girey inflicted a heavy defeat on the Russian troops near Konotop. In 1660-1662. The Russian army suffered a number of major setbacks at Gubarevo, Chudnov, Kushlik and Vilno and abandoned the territory of Lithuania and Belarus.

3. Military campaign 1663-1667.

The turning point in the course of the war occurred in 1664-1665, when Jan Casimir suffered a number of major defeats from the Russian-Zaporozhye army (V. Buturlin, I. Bryukhovetsky) near Glukhov, Korsun and Bila Tserkva. These events, as well as the rebellion of the Polish gentry, forced Jan Casimir to the negotiating table. In January 1667 The Truce of Andrussov was signed near Smolensk, under the terms of which the Polish king: A) returned Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Moscow; b) Moscow recognized Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv; V) agreed to joint management of the Zaporozhye Sich. In 1686, these conditions will be confirmed at the conclusion of the “Eternal Peace” with Poland, which from a centuries-old enemy will turn into a long-term ally of Russia.

Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658/1661)

Taking advantage of the Russian-Polish war, in the summer of 1655 Sweden began military operations against its southern neighbor and soon captured Poznan, Krakow, Warsaw and other cities. This situation radically changed the course of further events. Not wanting to strengthen the position of Stockholm in this region, on the initiative of the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz A. Ordin-Nashchokin and Patriarch Nikon in May 1656, Moscow declared war on the Swedish crown, and the Russian army hastily moved to the Baltic states.

The beginning of the war turned out to be successful for the Russian army. Having captured Dorpat, Noteburg, Marienburg and other fortresses in Estland, Russian troops approached Riga and besieged it. However, having received news that Charles X was preparing a campaign in Livonia, the siege of Riga had to be lifted and retreat to Polotsk.

Military campaign 1657-1658 went with varying degrees of success: on the one hand, Russian troops were forced to lift the siege of Narva, and on the other, the Swedes lost Yamburg. Therefore, in 1658 The warring parties signed the Truce of Valiesar, and then in 1661 - the Treaty of Kardis, according to which Russia lost all its conquests in the Baltic states, and therefore access to the Baltic Sea.

Russian-Ottoman and Russian-Crimean relations

IN 1672 The Crimean-Turkish army invaded Podolia, and Hetman P. Doroshenko, having concluded a military alliance with the Turkish Sultan Mohammed IV, declared war on Poland, which ended with the signing of the Buchach Peace Treaty, according to which the entire territory of Right-Bank Ukraine was transferred to Istanbul.

Rice. 5. Black Sea Cossack ()

IN 1676 The Russian-Zaporozhye army under the leadership of Prince G. Romodanovsky made a successful campaign against Chigirin, as a result of which P. Doroshenko was deprived of the hetman's mace and Colonel Ivan Samoilovich became the new hetman of Ukraine. As a result of these events, the Russian-Turkish War (1677-1681) began. In August 1677, the enemy began the siege of Chigirin, whose defense was led by Prince I. Rzhevsky. In September 1677, the Russian army under the command of G. Romodanovsky and I. Samoilovich defeated the Crimean-Turkish army at Buzhin and put them to flight.

On next year The Crimean-Ottoman army again invaded Ukraine. IN August 1678G. The enemy captured Chigirin, but he failed to cross the Dnieper. After several local skirmishes, the warring parties sat down at the negotiating table, and January 1681G. The Bakhchisaray Peace Treaty was signed, under the terms of which: A) Istanbul and Bakhchisarai recognized Kyiv and Left Bank Ukraine as Moscow; b) Right Bank Ukraine remained under the rule of the Sultan; V) The Black Sea lands were declared neutral and were not subject to settlement by subjects of Russia and Crimea.

IN 1686 After signing the “Eternal Peace” with Poland, Russia joined the anti-Ottoman “Holy League”, and in May 1687. Russian-Ukrainian army under the command of Prince V.V. Golitsyn and Hetman I. Samoilovich set out on the First Crimean Campaign, which ended in vain due to its disgraceful preparation.

In February 1689 The Russian-Ukrainian army under the command of Prince V. Golitsyn began the Second Crimean Campaign. This time the campaign was much better prepared, and the army managed to reach Perekop. However, V. Golitsyn was unable to break through the enemy’s defenses and, “slurping empty,” turned back.

The Azov campaigns of Peter I of 1695-1696 became a logical continuation of the Crimean campaigns. In May 1695 Russian army under the command of F.A. Golovina, P.K. Gordon and F.Ya. Lefort went on a campaign to Azov, which blocked access to the Azov and Black Seas. In June 1695 Russian regiments began the siege of Azov, which had to be lifted after three months, since the Russian army was never able to completely blockade it. Thus, the First Azov Campaign ended in vain.

IN May 1696G. Russian army under the command of Tsar Peter, A.S. Shein and F.Ya. Leforta began the Second Azov Campaign. This time, the fortress was surrounded not only from land, but also from the sea, where several dozen galleys and hundreds of Cossack plows reliably blocked it, and in July 1696 Azov was taken.

IN July 1700 clerk E.I. Ukraintsev signed the Constantinople (Istanbul) peace treaty with the Turks, according to which Azov was recognized as Russia.

List of references on the topic "Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th Century":

1. Volkov V.A. Wars and troops of the Moscow state: the end of the 15th - first half of the 17th century. - M., 1999.
2. Grekov I.B. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia in 1654 - M., 1954.
3. Rogozhin N.M. Ambassadorial order: the cradle of Russian diplomacy. - M., 2003.
4. Nikitin N.I. Siberian epic of the 17th century. - M., 1957.
5. Chernov V.A. Armed forces of the Russian state XV-XVII centuries. - M., 1954.

1. Federationcia.ru ().
2. Rusizn.ru ().
3. Admin.smolensk.ru ().
4. Vokrugsveta.ru ().
5. ABC-people.com ().

Foreign policy events XVII century.

The foreign policy of Mikhail and Alexei Romanov can be divided into two stages:

Istage (1613-1632) – main task– make and maintain peace with Sweden and Poland in order to solve internal problems.

IIstage: (1632-1667) - the task is to reconsider the difficult conditions of the Stolbovo peace and the Deulin truce, to return the lost lands.

Smolensk War

1632-1634

War

with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

1654-1667

Russian-Swedish War 1656-1661

Russian-Turkish War 1676-1681

Causes of the war

During the Time of Troubles, Vasily Shuisky asked for help from Sweden in 1609 to fight against False DmitryII. After the fall of Shuisky, Swedish troops occupied Novgorod (1611).

Causes of the war:

1) plans of the Swedish king to become the Russian Tsar

2) capture and looting of Russian cities by the Swedes

In 1609, the Polish king began intervention against Russia. The Seven Boyars, who seized power, proclaimed the son of the Polish king Vladislav the Moscow Tsar. In 1612, the Poles were driven out of Moscow. Russia lost Smolensk and the Seversky lands.

Causes of the war: Polish troops plundered Russian lands. King Sigismund refused to recognize Mikhail Romanov as Russian Tsar. He himself was aiming for the Russian throne.

Russia sought to return Smolensk and the Seversky lands captured by Poland.

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

Reluctance of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

share with Sweden the fruits of their victories in Poland.

In 1672, the Ottomans and Tatars (Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate) attacked Ukraine and Poland. Poland ceded the southern regions of Ukraine to them. The Ottomans could go to the Left Bank Ukraine.

This alarmed Moscow.

Causes of the war:

Fears of loss of Left Bank Ukraine.

Main events

In 1613, the Swedes tried to capture Tikhvin.

In 1614, the Swedes captured the Gdov fortress.

In the summer and autumn of 1615, Pskov was besieged.

In 1617, Prince Vladislav began a campaign against Moscow.

On October 1, 1618, the Polish army attacked Moscow. It was forced to retreat.

1632 – march on Smolensk by the Russian army led by M.B. Shein.

Attack of the Crimean Tatars.

1633 siege of Smolensk.

Attack of the Crimean Tatars.

Battles with Polish troops. Encirclement of Russian troops.

In February 1634, Voivode Shein signed a truce.

September 1654 - Russian troops took Smolensk.

Entry into Lithuania, capture of Lithuanian cities. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had plans to conquer all of Poland.

But then Sweden entered the war against Poland, which disrupted the tsar’s plans. In 1656, a truce was signed with Poland.

In 1658, Polish-Lithuanian troops launched an offensive in Belarus.

In 1657, the new hetman of Ukraine, Vygovsky, announced the return of Ukraine to Polish rule. Together with the Crimean Tatars, he tried to capture Kyiv. At the beginning of 1660, the Polish king made peace with Sweden and threw all his strength into the fight against Russia. Moscow troops were driven out of Belarus and Lithuania.

At first the war was successful. But in the fall of 1656 they could not take Riga by storm.

At this time, hostilities resumed with Poland, which regained control over Belarus and Lithuania.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich decided to urgently make peace with Sweden.

In 1674, Moscow regiments and Cossacks of the “Russian” Hetman Samoilovich besieged the Chigirin fortress, but were forced to withdraw their troops.

In the summer of 1676, by order of the tsar, the Moscow army occupied Chigirin, the capital of the “Turkish” hetman Doroshenko.

1677, 1678 - Chigirinsky campaigns.

In the summer of 1677 - battle with the Turks and Crimean Tatars near Chigirin. The Turks retreated.

1678 - the Turkish army took Chigirin.

Results-conditions peace treaties

The failure at Pskov forced the Swedish king to begin negotiations with the Moscow government.

1617 Peace of Stolbovo (eternal peace): Novgorod, Staraya Russa and Porkhov were returned to Russia for 20 thousand rubles. silver But some of the Russian cities remained with Sweden. Russia was completely cut off from the Baltic Sea.

Peace negotiations resumed. In December 1618, the Deulin Truce was concluded for a period of 14 years and 6 months. Smolensk and Seversk land went to Poland.

In the summer of 1634, the Peace of Polyanovsky was signed. Smolensk and the Chernigovo-Seversk land remained with Poland.

1664-1667 – peace negotiations between Russia and Poland. In 1667 the Treaty of Andrusovo was signed. Poland recognized Smolensk and Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv as Russia. Zaporozhye was recognized as a joint possession of Poland and Russia.

1661 Peace of Cadiz between Sweden and Russia. All lands conquered by the Russians were returned to Sweden.

In January 1681, the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty was concluded. The border between the Ottoman Empire and Russia was established along the Dnieper.

Historical significance wars

Peace in the Baltic states allowed us to fully concentrate on the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Deulin truce allowed Russia to focus on solving internal political problems

The Polish king Vladislav renounced his claims to the Russian throne.

Russia returned Smolensk.

The heroic defense of Chigirin saved Left Bank Ukraine from the Ottoman invasion.

Convinced of the high fighting qualities of the Russian troops, the Ottomans began peace negotiations with Russia.

Test.

1.What foreign policy tasks did Russia face?

in the first years of the reign of the new Romanov dynasty?

1) Return those lost during the Livonian War and

Time of Troubles territory;

2) Focus on solving acute internal political problems

problems

3) Achieve access to Baltic Sea

2. Who commanded the Russian troops during the Smolensk War?

1) Yu.A. Dolgorukov 2) A.N. Trubetskoy 3) M.B. Shein

3. What was the consequence of the Deulin truce?

1) Russia's loss of Smolensk

2) Annexation of Courland to Russia

3) creation of an anti-Swedish coalition

4. What was the consequence of the Andrusovo truce?

1) Russia's loss of Smolensk

2) Accession of Left Bank Ukraine to Russia

3) Annexation of Azov to Russia

5. As a result of what war, the Polish king Wladislav renounced his claims to the Russian throne?

1) Smolensk War of 1632-1634.

2) Russian-Swedish War 1656-1661.

3) Russian-Turkish War 1676-1681.

6. As a result of what peace treaty did Sweden return Novgorod to Russia?

1) Peace of Cadiz 1661

2) Peace of Stolbov of 1617

3) Polyanovsky peace of 1634

7. What tasks in foreign policy did Russia face in 1632-1667?

1) Strengthen the position in the Black Sea region

2)Destroy the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

3) Reconsider the difficult conditions of the Deulin truce and the Stolbovo peace.

8.The reunification of Ukraine with Russia took place in

1)1634 2)1654 3)1667

Answers:

Answer no.

International position of Russia in the 17th century. was difficult.

Foreign policy tasks:

• The return of territories lost as a result of the Time of Troubles, the annexation of Ukrainian and other lands that were part of Ancient Rus'.
• Achieving access to the Baltic and Black Seas
• Further advance to the east

Economic and military backwardness of Russia: the palace cavalry is not able to withstand the powerful armies of Europe. Dependence on weapons imports.
They tried to ensure rearmament by importing weapons and hiring foreign officers, which made it dependent on European countries (Holland and Sweden).

The port of Arkhangelsk is vulnerable from Sweden. Diplomatic and cultural isolation of Russia (a backward eastern country).

Thus, isolation could be overcome only by creating a powerful army and breaking the diplomatic blockade.

Smolensk War (1632 - 1634): one of the elements of foreign policy of the 17th century

• The struggle for the revision of the Deulin agreements
• Due to diplomatic blunders (the Polish king Wladislaw agreed with the Crimean Tatars on joint actions)
• The slowness of the Russian troops led by boyar Shein
• Weakness of the army (Serving people left the army)
• As a result, the Peace of Polyanovsky was signed (the cities captured by the Russians were returned, Vladislav renounced his claims to the Russian throne)

Liberation movement in Ukraine - Breakthrough of foreign policy of the 17th century

Reasons for movement:

1648 - an uprising broke out in Ukraine, caused by social oppression, political, religious, national inequality, which the Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox population experienced while being part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1596 - Uniate Church.

Zaporozhye Sich: did not engage in agriculture, retained autonomy, had an elected elder, served as a guard, repelled the raids of the Crimean Tatars and received rewards from the Polish government (but only registered Cossacks). The Zaporizhzhya Sich increased due to the fugitives, but the rest did not change -> social tension. This was a consequence of the foreign policy of the 17th century.

The uprising was led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In 1648 occupied Kyiv in August 1649. After the victory at Zbrov (betrayal of the Crimean Khan), a peace treaty was signed. The number of registered Cossacks increased to 40 thousand. In the Kyiv, Chernigov, and Bratslov lands, positions were occupied by Orthodox Christians.

Resumption of hostilities. 1651 - defeated at Berestechko. The Belotserkov Treaty reduced the Cossack register to 20 thousand, leaving a limit for Poles in the Kiev Voivodeship. 1653 — the threat of complete defeat loomed. In 1653 — The Zemsky Sobor decided to accept Ukraine under “ high hand"Russian Tsar.

Ukraine's annexation by Russia during 17th century foreign policy

Ukrainian Rada in Pereyaslavl in 1654. decided to annex Ukraine to Russia. The elected Cossack government remained, headed by the hetman, who had the right to foreign policy relations with all countries, with the exception of Poland and Turkey.

Reasons for joining:

• Religious and ethnic community of the Russian and Ukrainian people.
• Their common historical past and joint struggle against external enemies.
• Maintaining independence required choosing the “lesser evil.” Joining a close culture, maintaining internal independence.
• The accession was in the interests of Russia.

War with Sweden. (1656 - 1658) - Breakthrough in foreign policy of the 17th century

Sweden took advantage of Poland's failures, wanting to strengthen its influence in the Baltic. The Swedes did not want Russia to strengthen. In 1655 they occupied Warsaw. Russia entered the war with Sweden. - Peace of Kardis, return of the occupied lands of Livonia.

Poland, having received a respite, regained its strength and continued the war with Russia. Part of the Cossack leadership took the side of Poland. 1667 - Truce of Andrusovo. The return of Smolensk, left-bank Ukraine, to Russia. Kyiv was given away for 2 years, but was never returned. 1686 — Eternal peace, a major diplomatic victory.

The Russian-Turkish War (1677 - 1681) is an eternal problem of Russian foreign policy

The reunification of Russia and Ukraine led to war with the Ottoman Empire. Russian-Ukrainian troops defended Chigirin. 1681 - Bakhchisarai truce for 20 years. The territory between the Dnieper and the Bug is neutral. The foreign policy of the 17th century was not successful towards Turkey.

1684 - Creation Holy League— A coalition of Austria, Poland, Venice, which counted on Russian support. This prompted Poland to sign the “Eternal Peace”.

New war of 1686 Russia announced Porte. It was not possible to take control of Crimea.

The Eastern direction is the peaceful direction of foreign policy of the 17th century

During the 17th century. Russian explorers advanced from Western Siberia to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

Krasnoyarsk fort, Bratsk fort, Yakut fort, Irkutsk winter quarters. Yasak, a fur tax, was collected from the local population.

At the same time, peasant colonization of the arable lands of Southern Siberia began. By the 17th century the population was 150 thousand.

The main strategic tasks - gaining access to the seas and reunifying Russian lands - remained unresolved and passed into the next century. The Rebellion of Stepan Razin is also of great importance in world history.