Genitive plural endings for nouns. Standard formation of nominative plural forms of some nouns

The genitive case is necessary in the Russian language to express different relationships between the phenomena of the world: it can be the definition of an object through another object (a house made of wood); an action and its subject (the rustling of leaves), an action and its object (building a house), an action and its place (walking near the house), the absence of an object (no wind).

Any case is determined by the question.

What question does the genitive case of a noun answer?

When it comes to nouns, it depends on the category of animate or inanimate. The genitive case answers the question:

• whom? - animate noun
• what? - inanimate noun

The table shows nouns in the genitive case with prepositions. It is these prepositions that are used with this case of nouns.

Circumstantial questions of the genitive case

It is not always convenient to pose case questions. When a noun with a preposition in a sentence denotes the time, image, place, purpose of an action, then the genitive case is used, the questions of which will be adverbial:

• where?
• When?
• For what?

Determining the meaning of the genitive case on a question

The most convenient way to classify values ​​is in the table:

Nouns in the genitive case have the meaning:
duration of action	course of action	scene	reasons for action	action goals
after lunch in the middle of the day until evening	without sadness without enthusiasm without a light	from the city near the school from under a bush	with joy out of curiosity out of resentment	for work for study

As can be seen from the table, the genitive case of nouns with prepositions has a wide range of uses as adverbials.

The biggest problem in learning the genitive case

How to correctly:

• among the Turks or among the Turks?
• two hundred grams of sausage or two hundred grams of sausage?
• kilogram of tangerines or tangerines?

If someone has these questions, it’s normal.

The biggest headache is the genitive plural form.

Of course, you can say: “We have no business, we don’t know cases.” But there are circumstances when knowledge is power. For example, the Unified State Exam in Russian is coming up.

This topic is the most difficult when studying this case, since a countless number of word forms are formed and it can be difficult not to get confused in them.

For ease of learning, you can divide the material into groups according to their type.

Feminine nouns in the genitive case

These nouns usually have zero inflection. But what is determined before the end by the initial form (singular h, im. p.)

It is worth recalling that words in the nominative case answer the question who? or what? The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?

• In them. p. -a with hissing. in front of it: barge - barge, theft - theft, puddle - puddle, ski - ski, cloud - cloud (without b).
• In them. p. -a, -i not after hissing: waffle - waffle, shoe - shoes, blast furnace - domain, poker - poker, nanny - nanny, rod - rod, wedding - weddings, gossip - gossip, sheet - sheet, estate - estates
• In them. case - ia: lecture - lectures, army - armies, parody - parodies, surname - surnames, excursion - excursions.
• In them. p. - ya or -ya: rook - rook, article - articles, pin - pins. But: singers, jumpers, fussers, naughty girls, witches, pancakes.

• In them. p. - nya: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, bell tower - bell tower (here without a soft sign); village - villages, kitchen - kitchens, apple tree - apple trees (here with a soft sign).
• In them. p. - b: mother - mothers, daughter - daughters, notebook - notebooks, night - nights, square - squares, bed - beds, bone - bones, whip - whips, bed - beds, stove - stoves (ending -ee).

Nouns in plurals. number of the neuter genitive case

In such nouns, the genitive case form also in most cases has a zero ending, but there are also inflections -ev, -ov.

• In them. p. -o: window - windows, sieve - sieve, mirror - mirrors, vessel - vessel; village - village, oar - oar; apple - apples But: awl - shilyev, bottom - donyev, little face - faces (ending -ev, -ov).
• In them. p. -e: field - fields, saucer - saucer, towel - towels.
• In them. p. -ie, -ye: nesting - nesting, conquest - conquests, food - food, coast - coasts, drug - drugs, land - land. But: dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, lower reaches - lower reaches (ending -ev).

• In them. P.-Ye: guns. But: copies, rabble.

The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in the plural. h.

Masculine words form a lot of genitive word forms that do not obey any rules. For convenience, you can classify them by ending and use the table for this:

The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?
no Englishmen, Bulgarians, Ossetians, Moldovans, Mohicans, Mordvins, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, Turkmens, Slavs, Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, citizens, elders, soldiers, partisans, gypsies,	there are no Latvians, uncles, inhabitants, kings, princes, tsars, princes, youths, boys	no drivers, sons-in-law, Lithuanians, Estonians, geniuses, Bedouins, Bushmen, Tajiks, Svans, Karelians, Sarmatians, Karelians, Tungus, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, midshipmen, Bedouins, Kyrgyz, Yakuts, sappers, miners, hussars, dragoons, lancers, apprentices
with a collective meaning - a squadron of hussars, a regiment of dragoons, a dozen lancers; grenadier company, cadet squad
items
stocking, boot, felt boot, oporok, shoulder strap,	paths, roots	roots, boots, socks, rails, glasses, leaves, sheets, bracelets, key rings,
units of measurement
100 volts, arshin, x-ray, hertz, ohm, kopecks, 5 carats	seven spans, 100 rubles	10 grams, kilograms, centners, acres, hectares, inches, liters, meters, millimeters, centimeters, poods, pounds, feet, yards, dinars, dollars, tugrs, sterling
product names
no pasta		a lot of apricots, oranges, tomatoes, tomatoes, bananas, eggplants, lemons, tangerines,

Nouns that have the same plural form in the genitive case also vary and do not have a specific rule.

Adjectives and participles in the genitive case

Adjectives and participles are also declined according to cases and have endings that depend on the questions that are posed to them by nouns.

If we consider only the genitive case, the following questions are posed:

• Which one? - husband. and Wednesday sort of
• Which? - female sort of

For example:

• dawn (what?) scarlet, evening - ending -ey, -oh;
• sea ​​(what?) deep, sparkling - the end of -it;
• ship (what?) large, sailing - the end of -it.

Adjectives and participles are posed with genitive plural questions:

• which ones?
• what are they doing?
• what did they do?

For example:

Sails (what?) white, (what are they doing?) turning white, (what have they done?) unfolding.

Genitive plural endings are another difficult topic for our speech practice.

How to choose one or another ending? How to say: no stocking or stockings? Without sock or socks?

Why are we talking Armenians, But Mongols?

How to ask correctly in a store: 5 kilogram or kilograms? orange or oranges?

When choosing an ending, you should be guided by the following rules.

Masculine

1. All names of paired items have a zero ending: shoe, boot, stocking, trousers, shoulder straps, scissors.

Exception: sock ov .

2. The names of nationalities are subject to the following rules:

a) words with a base in - n, -r have null endings: Englishmen, Armenians, Georgians, Lezgins, Ossetians, Romanians, Turkmens, Gypsies, Bashkirs, Bulgarians.

Exception:black person ov.

b) words with stems starting from other letters have the ending - ov: Kyrgyz ov, Kalmyk ov, Tajik ov, Uzbek ov, Mongolian ov, Yakut ov .

Exception:Turks, Buryats.

3. The names of military groups and former branches of the military require the following endings:

a) without numerals they have a zero ending: partisan, soldier, grenadier, midshipman, hussar, dragoon, lancer;

b) the previous types of troops with numerals have endings - ov: 10th Hussars ov, 5 midshipman ov, 6th Hussars ov, 7 Lancers ov.

4. The names of units of measurement vary:

A) ampere, watt, gram, kilogram, x-ray, coulomb;

b) ampere ov, watt ov, gram ov, kilogram ov, x-ray ov, pendant ov.

Truncated forms ( ampere, gram

5. The names of the "vegetables - fruits" group have endings - ov: orange ov, mandarin ov, banana ov, tomato ov, eggplant ov.

Truncated forms ( orange, tangerine, banana, tomato) are characteristic of colloquial speech.

Feminine

1. Nouns ending in - la, -nya have a null ending: waffles, roofs, gossip, nannies, cherries, apple trees.

2. Some nouns have the ending - to her: candles to her, rake to her, sheet to her .

There are also variant forms: The game is worth the candle But: There are no candles in the house to her. However, the word candle here used in literal and figurative (phraseological) meanings (indicate which).

3. Nouns ending in - and I have an ending - th: auditor th, academician th, conservative th.

Neuter

1. A number of names have a zero ending: apples, shoulders, saucers of towels, mirrors.

Pay attention to the shape of the shoulders ( Dress with and without shoulders!)

2. The normative forms are: th: coast th, provincial th, drugs th.

3. There are also forms on - ev:ust ev, bolotets ev, upper reaches ev, lower ev.

How do those nouns that are always used only in the plural form the genitive case? Nouns that are always used only in the plural (without gender) form the genitive case using different types of endings:

zero: twilight; days;

-s: frost ov ;

-to her: weekday to her, nursery to her, san to her .

Questions and tasks

1. What factors influence the choice of the nominative plural ending for nouns? Name them.

2. How to form the plural of words with the element -er/-er (conductor)? From what language did these words come to us?

3. Give examples when the endings -ы/-а serve to distinguish words by meaning.

4. What is the genitive plural ending for the names of paired objects (boots, trousers)? How to say correctly: no socks or no socks?

5. Which of the forms belong to the official business style, and which to the colloquial style of speech: grams, pendants / grams, pendant? tomatoes, oranges / tomato, orange?

As in other forms, in the genitive plural, several endings can be found in each type of declension.

In general, during the formation of this form the following pattern applies.

• If in the initial form (nominative singular) a word has a zero ending, then in the genitive plural the ending is usually non-zero:

a house - many houses, a horse - many horses, a steppe - no steppes.

• If in the initial form the ending is non-zero, then in the genitive plural it will be zero:

land - no lands, loop - no loops, business - no business, place - no places, brand - no brands, apple - no apples.

• Thus, the language seeks to get rid of the coincidence of the initial form and indirect forms of the noun.

Please note

Feminine and neuter nouns in -я, -ь follow the general rule and have a zero ending in the genitive plural form. The final -y in this form is not an ending, but is included in the base of the word: prophetic - no prophetic, hill - no hills, nesting - no nesting, backwoods - no outbacks, spear - no spears, food - no food, housewarming - no housewarming, pancakes - no pancakes, coast - no coastlines, potion - no potions.

• However, in reality this pattern is not absolute. On the one hand, a number of masculine nouns with a hard consonant stem have a zero ending:

one soldier – several soldiers; one Georgian - several Georgians, one gypsy - several gypsies.

• On the other hand, nouns with a non-zero ending in the initial form can also have a non-zero ending in the genitive case, for example:

feminine words: share - several shares, size - several points; neuter words: swamp - several swamps, upper reaches - no upper reaches, bottom of the vessel - no bottoms, shaft - no shafts, face - several faces, point - no points, dress - several dresses, mouth - several mouths, awl - several awls.

In living speech, especially in common speech, two opposing trends are now observed.

Firstly, the ending -ov/-ev, inherent primarily in masculine nouns of the second declension, quite consistently replaces other endings (zero, -ey).

For example: in common parlance - a lot of people instead of normative a lot of people; no places instead of normative no places.

• The latter tendency is strengthened by the fact that in the plural in other indirect cases all nouns have the same endings:

about songs, about people, about fields, about nights, about kilograms.

Secondly, in common parlance one encounters the use of forms with a zero ending in cases where the literary language allows only forms with a non-zero ending.

For example: plow 10 hectares of land instead of the literary version - 10 hectares of land.

• All this requires special attention to the formation of the genitive plural form, especially since many of these options become an indicator of the level of a person’s speech culture. It is no coincidence that morphological errors in the formation of this form are used in language games, that is, intentionally - to create a comic effect ( How many people! Business!- in modern intelligentsia colloquial speech). Such errors are also played out in jokes, for example, in the dialogue between an illiterate passenger and an equally illiterate champion of correct speech:

- There are no seats on the tram.
- Not places, but places. You don't know the cases.
– It doesn’t matter to you that we don’t know cases.

When forming the genitive plural in difficult cases, several factors must be taken into account.

1. For second declension nouns, the endings -ov/-v, -ey are distributed as follows:

• for masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant, ts or th the main ending is -ov/-ev:

many drivers, fighters, geniuses;

• For masculine and neuter nouns with a base on a soft consonant or hissing, the main ending is -е:

many inhabitants, fields, cases;

• for nouns ending in -anin/-yanin (except for the word family man, which has no plural form at all), as well as for words master, boyar, master, Tatar– zero ending with cutoff -in:

many Slavs, Tatars, Bars, citizens.

2. In masculine nouns of the second declension with a hard consonant stem, the zero ending and the -ov ending tend to be distributed as follows:

A) the ending -ov usually has most names of fruits, vegetables, etc.:

five tomatoes, five oranges, five eggplants(permissible - five eggplants);

b) usually have a null ending:

• names of paired items:

a pair of boots, a pair of felt boots, a pair of boots, a pair of stockings, But: a pair of boots, a pair of boots(permissible - pair bot), no rails (acceptable - no rails); noun sock in the genitive plural it has two literary variants - no knitted socks And socks;

• names of nationalities with endings -н, -р:

no gypsies, no Romanians, no Ossetians, But: no Bedouins, no Bushmen, no Svans;

• names of military personnel of various groups and branches of the military:

no soldiers (!), no partisans (!); But: no sappers, no miners, no hussars And hussars, no dragoons And dragoons, no grenadiers And grenadiers, no cuirassiers And cuirassiers, no lancers And Uhlans;

V) nouns naming units of measurement ( volt, hertz, ohm etc.), usually have two forms in the genitive plural - with the ending -ov and with a zero ending. The zero ending is used in the so-called counting form of units of measurement, that is, when indicating a specific quantity or number of something:

100 volts, 100 amperes, 200 hertz, 200 ohms, 1000 roentgens etc.

• In nouns gram, kilogram, milligram, carat etc. in countable form, both forms are allowed - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending:

10 grams And 10 grams; 10 kilograms And 10 kilograms; 5 carats And 5 carats

Please note

Forms with -s are perceived as more formal. Therefore, if both forms are accepted as acceptable in a literary language, then in written speech it is recommended to use variants ending in -ov. Not in countable form (not when indicating quantity), these nouns necessarily have the ending -ov.

Yes, on this collective farm they don’t count not only grams, but also kilograms of losses!

Not all names of units of measurement follow this pattern. The ending -ov is obligatory in any context for the following nouns:

acre (10 acres), hectare (10 hectares), inch (5 inches), liter (10 liters), meter (5 meters), kilometer (5 kilometers), millimeter (10 millimeters), centimeter (10 centimeters), pood ( 10 pounds), pound (10 pounds), foot (5 feet), yard (5 yards).

Masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant, denoting monetary units, usually also have the ending -ov:

dollar (five dollars), dinar (five dinars) etc.

3. For first declension nouns, nouns with an accent on the stem in the initial form usually have a zero ending:

a shoe is a pair of shoes, an apple tree is five apple trees, a heron is five herons, a wedding is five weddings, a town hall is several town halls, but: a share is five shares; uncle - no uncles or uncles; pin – five pins; handful - five handfuls and handfuls; baby - no baby, young man - five young men.

• Nouns with stress on the last syllable in the initial form can have the ending -е:

candle - five candles, article - five articles, family - five families, tub - no tubs, melon - no melons, sheet - five sheets And five sheets, But: poker - five pokers, shaft - five shafts And shaft.

Please note to form the genitive plural form of nouns that have accentological variants in the initial form: barge And barge – no barges And barge, loop And loop - no loops.

4. For nouns used only in the plural, the most common ending is zero:

pasta - no pasta, money - no money, sawdust - no sawdust, ink - no ink.

• At the same time, a number of such nouns will have a non-zero ending. In this case, the ending -ov/-ev is typical for nouns with a base on a hard consonant, g, k, x and vowel:

jeans - no jeans (!), clips - no clips, wallpaper - no wallpaper, bronchi - no bronchi.

• The ending -еy is common among nouns with a soft consonant as a base:

mangers - no mangers, gangways - no gangways, mangers - no mangers (!), curls - no curls, harps - no harps.

• How peer options function: rake - no rake And no rakes, stilts - no stilts And no stilt, everyday life – no everyday life And Buden.

5. If the stem of a noun in its initial form ends in a combination of two consonants ( hollow, towel, song, doll), then when forming the genitive plural form with a zero ending, usually the fluent vowels o and e appear between these consonants:

no hollows, no towels, no songs, no dolls, no rods, no boards (boards are acceptable), no villages, no sabers, no shoes, no kitchens, no twilight, no nozzles and nozzles, but: dachshund - no dachshund, morning - several mornings.

6. Pay attention to the formation of the genitive plural form in the following nouns:

Buryats - no Buryats and Buryats, son-in-law - no sons-in-law, comment - no comments, hoof - no hooves and hooves, adjustments - no adjustments, lower reaches - lower reaches and lower reaches, journeyman - no apprentices, e - no Polenians and Polenians, no Turks turk, ear - without ears, awl - no awls.

Source http://www.licey.net/russian/culture/2_2_3

I. The main ending of masculine nouns is -ov/ (-ev )-ev :mushrooms, cargo, directors, regions, museums etc.

Some words have an ending - to her (residents, teachers, knives) And zero ending ( shoe, townspeople).

1. End -ov/ (-ev )-ev characteristic of those nouns whose final sound in the singular (nominative case) is a hard consonant (except and And w) or -j(in writing - letter th ):mushroom - mushrooms, cucumber - cucumbers, edge - edges, museum - museums etc.

2. End -to her characteristic of those masculine nouns whose final sound in the singular is a soft consonant (except -j) or f, w:dove - pigeons, acorn - acorns, executioner - executioners, knife - knives, baby - babies.

The same ending has a number of words in -a, -i masculine and general gender: father, uncle, uncle, raja, Chukchi, young man;mumble, idle talk,(Not)equal, quiet, as well as male informal names with a base on a soft consonant or hissing: Volodya - Volodya, Serezha - Serezha.

3.Zero the ending is inherent in nouns, which are the following names:

a) paired items: boots - boot, boots - bot, felt boots - felt boots, eyes - eyes, leggings - leggings, moccasins - mokasun, shoulder straps - shoulder straps, boot - boot, stockings - stockings, boots - boots, epaulettes - epaulette, and also hair - hair, teeth - tooth.

Exceptions: aiguillettes - aiguillettes, boots - boots, golfs - golfs, pima - pimov, horns - horns(but in phraseology - horn:lively cow Godhorn doesn't give).

Some words of this semantic group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: sneakers - sneakers And sneaker;sock – sock And socks, high boots - high boots And This V;

b) a number of nationalities, nationalities, tribes (including the names of disappeared peoples, as well as names used before), mainly with a final consonant -n or -r(singular): English – English, Armenian not – Armenian n, Bashkurs - Bashkur, Balkars - Balkar, Bulgarians - Bulgarians, Gruzuns - Gruzun, Imeretuns - Imeretun, Lezguns - Lezgun, Madya ry – Madya r, Moldovans - Moldovans, Ossetians - Ossetians, Rums us - rooms n, Tatars - Tatars, Turks - Turks, Khazars - Khazars, Gypsies - Gypsies.

Some words of this group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: Avars – Avars And Avarov, storm you are the storm T And storm Tov, Karelians - Karel And Karelians, Sarmatians – Sarmatians And Sarmatians, Turkmens – Turkmen And Turkmens, Uighurs – Uighur And Uighurs.

But: Aisors, Arabs, Berbers, Bushmen, Hungarians, Kazakhs, Mongols, Negroes and some etc.;

c) people at their place of residence -anin/-yanin (in which this suffix is ​​replaced in the plural by the suffix -an/-yang ):city ​​dweller - city dweller, alien nin – alien N, Kiev Nin – Kiev n, sitting down nin – selya n, southerner – southerner etc.;

d) young, non-adult creatures with the suffix -onok/-yonok (changing in the plural to the suffix -am/-yat ):wolf cub - wolf cubs, kitten - kittens, chicken - chickens etc. Wed. and slang salazhonok – salazhat; according to the same pattern also oil can - butter, honey mushroom - honey mushroom,

Note Genitive case from imp, imp - imp t, devil T.

e) people by belonging to certain branches of the military, to a military unit, to certain political parties: partisan, soldier, cadet.

A number of names based on the type of military service (including the former) and rank have variant stylistically equivalent forms: hussars – hussar And hussars, grenadiers - grenadier And grenadiers, dragoons – dragoons And draguns, cuirassurs – cuirassur And cuirasurs, lancers - ulans And ulans, midshipmen – midshipmen And midshipmen. Wed, for example: “On November 22, Seslavin sent me to clear the left side of the Vilna road with a hundred Sumy hussar, platoon dragoon Tver regiment and a dozen Donets" (A. Marlinsky); "... a Frenchman in a blue overcoat fought off with a bayonet hussars" (L.T.); "In the evening of the same day, the king sent regiments of guards and dragoon"(Buganov V.I. Peter the Great and his time);

f) some units of measurement: ampere, watt(kilowatt etc. with -watt), volt, x-ray(and compound words with - x-ray). For example, "...the natural radiation background is usually 15–20 microroentgen per hour..." (Koms. pr. 1990. May 12).

A number of names of units of measurement (in most cases belong to highly specialized vocabulary) have variant stylistically equivalent endings, ángström – ángström And ángström, arshin – arshunov And arshun, hertz – hertz And hertz, karat – karatov And carat, micron – micron And micron and some etc. Wed, for example: “Ruby in a ring for eleven carats" (A.N.T.) and "According to official data, diamond production should have exceeded 500 thousand in 1965 carat"(Abroad. 1966. January 21).

In texts that are not strictly official, nouns can also have a zero ending (very common in live oral speech, in the author’s speech of fiction) hectare, gram, kilogram. Wed: “Sixteen thousand mothers will receive rations at dawn - One hundred and twenty-five blockade gram With fire and blood in half" (Berggolts O.F. From the Leningrad poem); "[Polar explorers] say that several kilogram weight lost over these days" (Orlov V. Chronicle of a Drift), but: "More than 40 million are concentrated here hectares crops" (Project 1965. March 31); "The first 415 are packed kilograms valuable nutritious food in dry form" (Zn. 1983. February 3).

In texts that are not strictly official, the literary norm allows for a zero ending and for words denoting some vegetables, fruits: (kilo) apricot, orange, eggplant, tangerine, tomato.

II. 1. For neuter nouns, the main one is zero ending: bucket - buckets, business - affairs, housing - housing, building - buildings, window - window, gun - gun(words like building, gun, those. words based on -j, refer to those nouns that have a fluent vowel before the zero ending in the genitive plural: And-, if the accent does not fall on the ending, and -e-, if the ending is stressed).

2. Some neuter nouns in the genitive case have an ending -ov/-ev . These include:

a) nouns, in the plural forms of which appears before the ending -j-:bottom→bottom, bottom, link → links, links, wing → wings*, wings; log→logs, logs;

b) nouns in -ko(except army, ear**, me block, I block)***:shaft - shafts, wheel - wheels, cloud - clouds, lake - lakes, glasses - glasses, shoulder - shoulders;

c) some nouns with stems -j(singular and plural); upper reaches - upper reaches, lower reaches - lower reaches(And lower reaches), tip - points, dress - dresses, spread - spreads, mouth - mouths, and also the word swamp(swamps).

* The noun wing previously also had forms wings, wings, wings, wings. These outdated forms are used in modern poetic speech, cf.: “The swallows beckon me there, Wings ringing in flight, the July linden trees in bloom intoxicate and intoxicate my soul" ( M. Dudin); "There was noise over Russia wing funeral, How sparrow wings now make noise" ( Yu. Drunina) Outside of poetic sublime speech, such forms are inappropriate. Thus, the genitive case form is unjustified wings instead of wings in a context like: “They [geese] fly to these inaccessible places from afar to molt: they drop from wings old feathers graze and swim in anticipation of new ones" (Pr. 1973. September 18)

** The word eye ("hole in a needle") has the shape ears.

*** There is therefore an error in the following usage: “The branches of the apple trees were bent by the many small strong apples” (Yun. 1965 No. 3).

Note. Words saucer, mirror, lake, railing, towel have zero ending: blue child, mirror, pepper, towel.

Part of the words on -tse has variant endings, one of which, as a rule, is more common than the second (the more common below is given first): tree→trees And trees, ring → rings And ring, spindle→spindles And spindle, bucket→Vedorytsev And little bucket, little business→businessmen And businessman, Taurus → Taurus And corpuscle, fiber→Fibers And fiber, trough → trough And trough, blanket→blanket And blankets, polenets → polenets And log, tentacle → tentacles And tentacle, hoof → hooves And koptyts, lace → lace And lace, shiltse → shiltsev And Shilets. Wed, for example; "[Meresyev] allowed himself to eat only ten spoons and a few Fibers white, soft chicken meat" (Polevoy B.N. The Tale of a Real Man) and: "With a decrease in the amount of twist, the connection of individual elementary elements is disrupted fiber"(Anuchin S.A. et al. Design and maintenance of twisting machines); "The bulk of those sold here trees is obtained through the barbaric destruction of already scarce forests" (Lit. Gaz. 1966. December 31) and: "... when the crowns of individual trees merge into a common closed canopy and the trees begin to experience mutual lateral shading, then a struggle arises over the light" (Morozov G. Teaching about oneself), etc.

III. For feminine nouns of the 2nd declension, the main one is zero ending: (s) roofs, pine trees, apple trees,(without) poker, sisters, weddings etc.

A small number of feminine nouns in -a/-z has an ending - to her . It is given to words that have a group of consonants before the ending. –hl-, -cl-, -hl-: (No) kech she, boocl she, sacl she, roxl to her, as well as words share→share, penya→peney, candle→candles(but in phraseology - candles:the game is not worth itcandles ).

A small number of words have variant endings: barge - barge And barge, doodle - doodle And doodle, song - songs And song*, handful - handful And handful, sheet–simple no And sheets, pimp - pimp And vault, shutter - shutter And shutter, aunt - aunt And aunt.

* Variant form song, which modern linguistic consciousness associates with the noun song, is the "legal" form of the genitive plural from the traditional poetic song, belonging to the 3rd declension. Wed: "What are you starting song military?" (Derzhavin G.R.); "He sang love, obedient to love, And song it was clear" (P.); "The bell rings monotonously, And the road gathers a little dust, And sadly it spills over the flat field song coachman" (I. Makarov), etc.

End - to her also characteristic of feminine nouns with soft consonants and sibilants (3rd declension): role–roll, fabric–fabrics, night–nights. Just a word fathom has two forms: fathoms And fathoms

As for nouns used only in the plural form, difficulties with choosing the correct form of the genitive case relate mainly to proper names. Therefore, common nouns of this type are not considered here, and those interested in the genitive case forms of proper names can be referred to the “Dictionary of Stresses for Radio and Television Workers” by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarvy.

As in other forms, in genitive plural of nouns in each type of declination you can find several variants of endings.

In general, during the formation of this form the following pattern applies.

If in the initial form (nominative singular) a word has a zero ending, then in the genitive plural the ending is usually non-zero:

a house - many houses, a horse - many horses, a steppe - no steppes.

If in the initial form the ending is non-zero, then in the genitive plural it will be zero:

land - no lands, loop - no loops, business - no business, place - no places, brand - no brands, apple - no apples.

Thus, the language seeks to get rid of the coincidence of the initial form and indirect forms of the noun.

Please note

Feminine and neuter nouns in -я, -ь follow the general rule and have a zero ending in the genitive plural form. The final -y in this form is not an ending, but is included in the base of the word: prophetic - no prophetic, hill - no hills, nest - no nesting, outback - no outback, spear - no spears, food - no food, housewarming - no housewarming, pancake - no pancakes, coast - no coast, potion - no potion.

However, in reality this pattern is not absolute. On the one hand, a number of masculine nouns with a hard consonant stem have a zero ending:

one soldier - several soldiers; one Georgian - several Georgians, one gypsy - several gypsies.

On the other hand, nouns with a non-zero ending in the initial form can also have a non-zero ending in the genitive case, for example:

feminine words: share - several shares, size - several points; neuter words: swamp - several swamps, upper reaches - no upper reaches, bottom of the vessel - no bottoms, shaft - no shafts, face - several faces, point - no points, dress - several dresses, mouth - several mouths, awl - several awls.

In living speech, especially in common speech, two opposing trends are now observed.

Firstly, the ending -ov/-ev, inherent primarily in masculine nouns of the second declension, quite consistently replaces other endings (zero, -ey).

For example: in common parlance - a lot of people instead of normative a lot of people; no places instead of normative no places.

The latter tendency is strengthened by the fact that in the plural in other indirect cases all nouns have the same endings:

about songs, about people, about fields, about nights, about kilograms.

Secondly, in common parlance one encounters the use of forms with a zero ending in cases where the literary language allows only forms with a non-zero ending.

For example: plow 10 hectares of land instead of the literary version - 10 hectares of land.

All this requires special attention to the formation of the genitive plural form, especially since many of these options become an indicator of the level of a person’s speech culture. It is no coincidence that morphological errors in the formation of this form are used in language games, that is, intentionally - to create a comic effect ( How many people! Business! - in modern intelligentsia colloquial speech). Such errors are also played out in jokes, for example, in the dialogue between an illiterate passenger and an equally illiterate champion of correct speech:

- There are no seats on the tram.
- Not places, but places. You don't know the cases.
- It doesn’t matter to you that we don’t know cases.

When forming the genitive plural in difficult cases, several factors must be taken into account.

1. For second declension nouns, the endings -ov/-v, -ey are distributed as follows:

for masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant, ts or th the main ending is -ov/-ev:

many drivers, fighters, geniuses;

For masculine and neuter nouns with a base on a soft consonant or hissing, the main ending is -е:

many inhabitants, fields, cases;

for nouns ending in -anin/-yanin (except for the word family man, which has no plural form at all), as well as for words master, boyar, master, Tatar- zero ending with cut-in:

many Slavs, Tatars, Bars, citizens.

2. In masculine nouns of the second declension with a hard consonant stem, the zero ending and the -ov ending tend to be distributed as follows:

A) the ending -ov usually has most names of fruits, vegetables, etc.:

five tomatoes, five oranges, five eggplants(permissible - five eggplants);

b) usually have a null ending:

names of paired items:

a pair of boots, a pair of felt boots, a pair of boots, a pair of stockings, But: a pair of boots, a pair of boots(permissible - couple bot ), no rails(permissible - no rail); noun sock in the genitive plural it has two literary variants - no knitted socks And socks;

names of nationalities with endings -н, -р:

no gypsies, no Romanians, no Ossetians, But: no Bedouins, no Bushmen, no Svans;

names of military personnel of various groups and branches of the military:

no soldiers (!), no partisans (!); But: no sappers, no miners, no hussars And hussars, no dragoons And dragoons, no grenadiers And grenadiers, no cuirassiers And cuirassiers, no lancers And Uhlans;

V) nouns naming units of measurement ( volt, hertz, ohm etc.), usually have two forms in the genitive plural - with the ending -ov and with a zero ending. The zero ending is used in the so-called counting form of units of measurement, that is, when indicating a specific quantity or number of something:

100 volts, 100 amperes, 200 hertz, 200 ohms, 1000 roentgens etc.

In nouns gram, kilogram, milligram, carat etc. in countable form, both forms are allowed - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending:

10 grams And 10 grams; 10 kilograms And 10 kilograms; 5 carats And 5 carats

Please note

Forms with -s are perceived as more formal. Therefore, if both forms are accepted as acceptable in a literary language, then in written speech it is recommended to use variants ending in -ov. Not in countable form (not when indicating quantity), these nouns necessarily have the ending -ov.

Yes, on this collective farm they don’t count not only grams, but also kilograms of losses!

Not all names of units of measurement follow this pattern. The ending -ov is obligatory in any context for the following nouns:

acre (10 acres), hectare (10 hectares), inch (5 inches), liter (10 liters), meter (5 meters), kilometer (5 kilometers), millimeter (10 millimeters), centimeter (10 centimeters), pound ( 10 pounds), pound (10 pounds), foot (5 feet), yard (5 yards).

Masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant, denoting monetary units, usually also have the ending -ov:

dollar (five dollars), dinar (five dinars) etc.

3. For first declension nouns, nouns with an accent on the stem in the initial form usually have a zero ending:

a shoe is a pair of shoes, an apple tree is five apple trees, a heron is five herons, a wedding is five weddings, a town hall is several town halls, but: a share is five shares; uncle - no uncles and uncles; pin - five pins; handful - five handfuls and handfuls; baby - no baby, young man - five young men.

Nouns with stress on the last syllable in the initial form can have the ending -е:

candle - five candles, article - five articles, family - five families, tub - no tubs, melon - no melons, sheet - five sheets And five sheets, But: poker - five pokers, shaft - five shafts And shaft.

Please note to form the genitive plural form of nouns that have accentological variants in the initial form: barge And barge - no barges And barge, loop And loop - no loops.

4. For nouns used only in the plural, the most common ending is zero:

pasta - no pasta, money - no money, sawdust - no sawdust, ink - no ink.

At the same time, a number of such nouns will have a non-zero ending. In this case, the ending -ov/-ev is typical for nouns with a base on a hard consonant, g, k, x and vowel:

jeans - no jeans (!), clips - no clips, wallpaper - no wallpaper, bronchi - no bronchi.

The ending -еy is common among nouns with a soft consonant as a base:

there are no mangers, there are no gangways, there are no gangways, there are no mangers (!), there are no curls, there are no curls, there are no harps, there are no harps.

How peer options function: rake - no rake And no rakes, stilts - no stilts And no stilt, everyday life - no everyday life And Buden.

5. If the stem of a noun in its initial form ends in a combination of two consonants ( hollow, towel, song, doll), then when forming the genitive plural form with a zero ending, usually fluent vowels o and e appear between these consonants:

no dupe l, no towels, no songs, no dolls, no rose, no board (permissible - doso k), no villages, no sabel, no shoes, no kitchens, no twilight, there are no nozzles and nozzles, but: dachshund - no dachshund, morning - several mornings.

6. Pay attention to the formation of the genitive plural form in the following nouns:

Buryats - no Buryats and Buryats, son-in-law - no sons-in-law, comment - no comments, hoof - no hooves and hooves, adjustments - no adjustments, lower reaches - lower reaches and lower reaches, journeyman - no apprentices, e - no logs and towels, no Turks turk, ear - without ears, awl - no awls.