What does the concept of internal combustion engine volume of a car mean? Which engine size is best? What does engine size affect? Engine capacity 2 l in cm3
The heart of any car is the engine. When choosing a car, first of all we pay attention to engine characteristics. We look at its volume, power, repairability. Nobody wants to spend a lot of money and time on car repairs, much less on engine repairs.
There are a huge variety of automobile engines, with different volumes and different manufacturers. Team website has prepared a selection of the most common engines found in “people’s” cars.
As they say: “Aware is forearmed”, therefore - The best 2.0 liter engines, let's go...
6. Duratec HE/MZR
Joint brainchild of the companies Ford and Mazda- family engines Duratec HE/MZR. These identical motors are widespread; they were installed on such mass models as Mazda 3 And Mazda 6 first two generations Focus And Mondeo previous generations.
The service life of the engines is 150,000 – 180,000 km. Structurally, they are quite simple, but the quality of the parts leaves much to be desired. In addition, these engines are especially sensitive to oil starvation and overheating.
During active driving, oil consumption increases significantly. If the owner does not keep track of its level, there is a high risk of turning the connecting rod and main liners of the crankshaft.
There are often cases when shaft journals crack: expensive shaft - to be thrown away.
Engines do not have repair dimensions. At the same time, spare parts for engines of Ford models are not available separately - only the cylinder block assembly. Fortunately, there are similar Mazda parts on sale. There are also non-original spare parts on the market. Price overhaul motors average.
5. Renault-Nissan M4R/MR20
Concern motors Renault-Nissan M4R/MR20 families. The MR20 unit was equipped X‑Trail the previous generation, and Qashqai I have not parted with him to this day. The French analogue stood on Megane third generation and is still available for Fluense.
The engine life is 180,000 – 200,000 km. The quality of the parts is not bad, but there are some weak points. Sometimes cracks appear on the crankshaft journals and deformation of the fourth cylinder occurs - as a rule, when servicemen tighten the mounting bolts when installing the gearbox. The timing chain is short-lived: it stretches after 80,000 km.
As usual, repair dimensions are not provided. Original spare parts are available separately. In terms of the cost of overhaul, these engines are comparable to Ford/Mazda brands.
4. Mitsubishi 4B11
Motor Mitsubishi 4B11 series opens a subgroup of engines free of serious diseases. He was put on Outlander previous generation and Lancer X first years of release.
Engine life is 180,000 - 200,000 km. The workmanship of its elements is good. The overall reliability of the motor is largely due to the simplicity of the design, devoid of capricious systems. As a rule, engines reach repairmen due to natural wear and tear of the cylinder-piston group.
The motor is a repair size. Original spare parts are available separately.
In terms of restoration cost, a Mitsubishi engine is comparable to Renault, Nissan, Ford, and Mazda engines.
3.Honda R20
Engine Honda R20 series placed mainly on Accord seventh and eighth generations and CR-V the last two generations.
Resource - about 200,000 km. The manufacturing quality of the parts is slightly higher than that of the Mitsubishi engine. The R20 engine is reliable and simple. Simple scheme"screw-nut" valve adjustment does not require selection and replacement of valve pushers. If the regulations for this operation are observed (every 45,000 km), the R20 will not cause trouble until natural wear of the cylinder-piston group occurs.
Repair dimensions for the engine are not provided. Spare parts for Honda engines are not cheap, therefore major repairs are one of the most expensive in the Japanese subgroup.
Resource - about 200,000 km. The workmanship of the elements is very good. The 1‑AZ engine is ahead of the Honda R20 in another parameter: the original parts for it are among the cheapest. The price for rebuilding the 1‑AZ engine is the lowest in our rating.
1. Subaru EJ20
Motorists called the boxer unit the most reliable and durable engine in the group. Subaru EJ20 series. It is still installed on some models intended for the Japanese market. In Europe, the era of this boxer engine ended in 2011, when it was replaced by an updated FB series engine with a timing chain drive instead of a belt drive. Among the latest popular Subaru models, the EJ20 engine is equipped Forester And Impreza third generation.
Resource - 250,000 km. Quality of parts same high, like Toyota’s 1‑AZ, and in addition the EJ20 has one more trump card. This is one of the few engines that has at least one factory overhaul size - a rarity for engines of the early 2000s.
However, the Subaru engine also has its downside. Although there is an alternative to the block sleeve, original spare parts are expensive, and there are very few analogues.
Among the Japanese "Big Four" Subaru engine will require the highest costs for major repairs. High service life and reliability cost money.
As you can see, most of the best engines are found in Japanese cars. Now when choosing a car you will know which one best 2.0 liter engine.
Engine volume is one of the main characteristics of a modern car that operates on the principle of fuel combustion. Since the invention of the internal combustion engine, this characteristic has been the most important indicator by which the power unit is characterized and distinguishes it from other cars model range.
On cars, the engine capacity is even indicated (at least it was indicated) on the body in the form of a separate plate. For example, the designation “BMW 520i” means that this is the fifth BMW model, with a two-liter injection engine.
Its power characteristics, the maximum speed that a given car develops, and some other indicators directly depend on the engine’s displacement. In addition, the division of car models into classes, insurance, tax and customs payments are calculated based on the volume of a particular car.
But not all motorists imagine what it is. This material will clarify this issue in accessible language.
What is considered the working volume of an internal combustion engine?
Automotive internal combustion engine is complex engineering device, which includes multiple systems, electronic and mechanical components, attachments and additional equipment.
The principle of operation is to supply a fuel-air mixture to the combustion chambers of the power unit, where this mixture is ignited under pressure by spark plugs or glow plugs.
As a result of combustion (which is a micro-explosion), a large amount of energy is released, which moves the piston located in the cylinder. The piston acts on the crank mechanism, and the energy is converted from translational to rotational. With its help, the crankshaft of the engine rotates. Next, the torque from the crankshaft is transmitted to the transmission, and from it to the drive axle (or axles) of the car. The axle shaft rotates the wheel - the car moves.
The above process is repeated until the driver turns off the engine or until fuel is supplied and there are no problems preventing the normal functioning of the engine. The part of the cylinder in which the fuel combustion process occurs is the combustion chamber. Its volume is called working volume. To find out the engine volume, add up the working volumes of its combustion chambers (roughly speaking, the sum of the cylinder volumes). Liters are used to express engine volume, and cubic centimeters are used for combustion chambers.
As an example, consider the commonly used two-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine. Without pretending to be accurate, let's assume that each of its combustion chambers has a working volume of 499 cm3. This engine has four cylinders, the total volume of the combustion chambers is 1996 cm3. To express in liters, round this figure to the nearest whole number - 2 liters.
Classification of cars into classes depending on engine size
Each major automaker has cars of different classes, weights, and sizes in its model line. Regarding passenger cars, they are conventionally divided into:
- Compact and mini-displacement (engine engine working volume up to 1.2 liters).
- Small class cars (volume 1.2-1.8) liters.
- Middle class cars (1.8-3.5 l).
- Powerful sports cars and civilian vehicles with a displacement of more than 3.5 liters.
- Executive cars with engines of various sizes.
Video: Lesson 4 - volume, power, torque, fuel consumption of the engine, small cars, large cars.
Something else useful for you:
What depends on the volume
The more mixture of fuel and air enters the engine cylinders and burns there, the more energy is released. Much less fuel will enter the cylinders of a one-and-a-half-liter engine per cycle than a three-liter engine, which means more energy will be released to rotate the crankshaft. A larger motor means better acceleration dynamics, higher top speed and torque. But also higher fuel consumption.
But with power, not everything is so obvious. The use of turbines (forced air injection) made it possible to extract more power from a unit of volume. Thus, the Ford 1.6 liter naturally aspirated engine produces power equal to 115 hp, and the 1-liter Ford Ecoboost with turbocharging produces 125 hp. And the torque of turbocharged internal combustion engines is higher, and its peak value is available from the bottom.
Cars with large engine volumes are more expensive than the same ones with a smaller volume. The fact is that the cost of such an internal combustion engine is more expensive; it needs a different transmission, exhaust and cooling systems, different brakes, etc.
For this reason, budget cars are usually small cars, the engines of which are easy to manufacture and do not have complex systems and electronics. Since the weight of these cars is small, the small engine is enough for comfortable movement around the city and tolerable dynamics. Low cost combined with low fuel consumption makes them popular among car enthusiasts.
Why do model names no longer include engine size?
When turbocharged engines (diesel and gasoline) came onto the market, it became much more difficult to navigate by the “nameplates” hanging on the back of the car. Initially, everything was clear: “BMW 535D” is a diesel BMW of the fifth series with a 3.5-liter engine.
The powerful naturally aspirated five-liter engine, after installing turbocharging, reduces its volume to 4.4 liters, but is still designated as five-liter. This is clearly visible on Mercedes cars, which have already untied the names of their models from their volume. For example, the “AMG63” version no longer carries a 6.2-liter engine. Instead, an internal combustion engine with a volume of five and a half liters is now installed. But the model is still called “AMG-63”.
How to increase the volume of the internal combustion engine
You can physically enlarge the combustion chamber by boring the cylinders. This is called boosting the engine. It will not be possible to significantly increase the volume in this way - the cylinder blocks are designed for their boring limits, which amount to no more than three engine overhauls. During such repairs, cylinders, already elliptical in shape due to wear, are bored to give them a perfectly round shape, and repair pistons with repair rings and other engine parts of an increased size are installed there.
You can buy pistons and other parts for a car engine only in maximum size, corresponding to the third repair. The point of deeper tuning disappears due to its inexpediency, since it is cheaper and easier to buy a larger engine, but it can already be bored out.
Pros and cons of large-displacement engines
Flaws:
- original price of the car;
- high fuel consumption;
- high maintenance costs (more oil, more antifreeze, etc.);
- high costs for major repairs;
- high taxes and customs duties (if the car is imported from abroad).
Advantages:
- high car power;
- great resource the engine itself;
- riding comfort;
- you have to change gears less often with a manual transmission;
- safety when overtaking;
- Such engines warm up faster and better during cold periods.
Large naturally aspirated gasoline power units are less demanding on fuel quality than small-volume turbocharged units.
A few words about turbocharged and naturally aspirated engines
It is worth understanding that a conventional naturally aspirated internal combustion engine is more reliable. A 1.8-2 liter petrol turbo engine with a power of 200 hp, even with the highest quality maintenance, will require a major overhaul at 180-230 thousand km. But a naturally aspirated 3.5-liter internal combustion engine, which has the same power (or slightly higher), easily lasts 350 thousand km before the first major repair.
Seal
Novice car enthusiasts are often interested in what engine size affects, and what engine size is better? First of all, if we consider the technical part, then its power and torque depend on the engine size. Therefore, if you need to get more engine power, then the volume is increased. In addition, the larger the engine capacity, the greater the fuel consumption. Which engine is better, gasoline or diesel, read here. On cars Sometimes engines with a volume of up to 8 liters are installed.
Which engine size is better?
Engine volume is measured in liters or cubic centimeters. Let's take a closer look at what the engine size of a car affects when operating it in normal everyday conditions. City cars usually have a small engine capacity, usually 1.2 - 1.6 liters, since for them the biggest priority is not power, but fuel consumption.
What does engine size affect?
There are also a large number of cars with an engine capacity of 0.8 - 1.0 liters. An example is a popular car in the CIS countries - Daewoo Matiz. Such a car belongs to class A (compact cars). Such cars have little power and are suitable for driving mainly around the city. If you turn on the air conditioning on such cars, which takes 10-20% of the engine power, then such an engine will significantly lose acceleration dynamics. Then, for normal acceleration, such an engine has to be revved up to 4000 - 5000 rpm, and this is fraught with increased fuel consumption and engine wear. But even at such speeds, fuel consumption will be less than that of engines with a volume of 1.4 - 1.6 liters.
I would like to note that fuel consumption on the highway at an average car speed of 80 - 90 km/h, both for a car with a small volume and for a car with a large volume, will be the same. Even in some cases, on a car with a volume of 0.8 - 1.0, the consumption may be higher.
What does engine size affect?
Average fuel consumption in the combined cycle (highway - city), for engines with a volume of 0.8 - 1.0 liters, according to the manufacturer's data, averages 5 - 6 liters per 100 km of driving. With a volume of 1.2 -1.6, the average consumption is 6 - 7 liters. Volume 3 – 5 liters 12 – 18 liters. These are approximate data for new and modern engines.
An alternative solution between getting high power and low fuel consumption is an engine with a turbocharger or a mechanical supercharger. With their help, you can significantly increase engine power, on average by 30 - 50%, and at the same time fuel consumption does not increase significantly. For example, the average power of a naturally-aspirated (regular) 1.4-liter engine is 75–100 horsepower, and if a turbocharger is installed on it, its power will rise to 150–170 horsepower. With.
IN last time Due to rising gasoline prices, hybrid engines are popular, combining an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor. Read more about how hybrid cars work.
Of course, it’s up to you to decide what engine size is best for you, but remember, the larger the engine size, the more fuel it consumes, the more expensive it is and the higher the taxes on it.
+ read the first part here
Engine displacement is one of the main technical parameters car, on which the power, dynamics and volume of fuel consumption depend.
There is a stereotype among car owners that cars with large engine volumes are best choice. But such a statement is not always true.
Large cars are characterized by high fuel consumption and have a high cost, which ultimately makes the car less affordable for the average buyer. In addition, such cars are more expensive to maintain.
General provisions
To understand how the parameter in question can affect the characteristics of the vehicle, it is important to know the design of the internal combustion engine.
In short, the engine consists of the following elements:
- Cylinder block;
- Block heads;
- Combustion chambers;
- A piston, which is combined with the crankshaft through a crankshaft;
- Fuel mixture supply and ignition system;
- Valves through which combustion products (exhaust gases) are discharged;
- Carter.
The engine's task is to convert one type of energy into another, namely thermal energy (combustion of the fuel mixture) into mechanical energy (rotation of the crankshaft). After preparation, the fuel is sent under pressure into the combustion chamber and ignited.
As a result, sufficient pressure is created to push out the piston, which rotates the crankshaft of the machine.
Calculation features
The volume of the engine determines how much fuel can be supplied to the cylinder cavity. Consequently, the larger the volume of the fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber, the more significant amount of energy can be counted on.
The formula for calculating the volume of cylinders is as follows:
V= ?r 2 *h.
Here? is equal to 3.14 (fixed value), r is the radius of the car cylinder, and h is its height. You can carry out calculations through the diameter, there is no difference.
Alternatively, the formula for calculating volume can be expressed as the cross-sectional area times the height at the point where the piston is at bottom dead position.
Taking into account the above, we can draw the following conclusion, the estimated engine volume is:
- The sum of the volumes of each cylinder;
- The product of the volume of one cylinder and their total number in the engine.
The unit of measurement is liters or cubic centimeters. In this case, 100 cm 3 is equal to one liter.
If engine volume is shown in liters, the manufacturer rounds the number to the nearest whole number. So, if the parameter has a size of 1598 cubic meters. cm, in liters it is 1.6.
What characteristics are affected by displacement?
As already noted, the higher the cylinder volume, the more fuel mixture can enter it. It turns out that when fuel is burned in the cylinder of a more “capacious” engine, more energy is obtained.
The result is an increase in the power of the power unit and an improvement in the overall dynamic qualities of the car.
But there is also a drawback. Engines with large displacement are power hungry. This is easy to prove in numbers.
An average 1.5-liter engine consumes 9-10 liters per “hundred” of travel in city conditions.
For engines with a volume of 2.0 liters or more, this parameter is higher - 12-13 liters. When driving outside populated areas and on a good road, the difference is less - 6-7 liters and 8-9 liters, respectively.
The reason for the increased consumption is the larger volume of fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber during operation.
Thanks to this, the car accelerates to the desired speed faster, which reduces the operating time of the engine in uneconomical mode.
The usual relationship that power increases with volume is typical for passenger vehicles. In the case of freight transport, the situation looks different.
So, a large displacement does not mean that the engine has an exorbitant number of horsepower. For such cars, the first place is the torque at all crankshaft speed ranges.
For example, a KAMAZ-54115 car with a 1085 cc engine. cm has one cylinder with the same displacement as the entire engine of a small car.
Despite such high figures, power is at the level of 240 horsepower.
For comparison, the BMW X5 model has a 3-liter engine that produces 218 horsepower.
But I would like to note that modern trucks (the same KAMAZ) are equipped with 11.76 liter power units with a capacity of up to 400 “horses,” which is more in line with reality.
What should the displacement be?
Manufacturers are aware of the variability of car owners' priorities, so they produce cars with various types engines.
Based on this, all vehicles are divided into the following classes:
- Minicars. Such vehicles have an engine capacity of up to 1.1 liters.
- Small cars. A special feature of these cars is the installation of 1.2-1.7-liter engines. In our country this is the most popular option.
- Mid-sized cars. This includes vehicles with a displacement of 1.8-3.5 liters.
- Large cars - cars with 3.5 liters or more.
The division discussed above is conditional and applies mostly to gasoline engines.
If the car is equipped with a diesel power unit, the situation will be different.
There is another type of gradation of machines - by class:
- B-class - from 1.0 to 1.6 l.
- C-class - from 1.4 to 2.0 l.
- D-class - from 1.6 to 2.5 liters.
- E-class - from 2.0 l and more.
When choosing a car, you should pay attention to the operating conditions of the vehicle. If a car is needed to move traffic around the city, the best option It will be a small car. The main thing is to have good traction at idle. If this parameter is insufficient, the engine will consume more fuel, so you can’t dream about the promised 7-8 liters.
The Toyota L engine family is diesel units with a large number advantages in its simple design. Motors appeared in 1977, the production of some modifications continues to this day. It is simply impossible to summarize the characteristics of all motors in a single table. Toyota Corporation has implemented hundreds of alterations and modifications during the engine production process, so it would be more logical to consider different generations separately.
Such a diesel inline four will fully satisfy the requirements of even the most sophisticated motorist. The design is quite simple; the fuel injection pump system does not cause significant problems, as is the case with classmates. But there are plenty of individual shortcomings in the engine.
First family - Toyota L engine
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This engine received 2.2 liters of volume and only 72 hp. power. No electronics, no automatic systems, everything is extremely simple and clear. Torque of 142 Nm compensates for the low power, but still leaves the engine one of the weakest in its environment.
The first generation L was installed on the Blizzard (1980-1984), Chaser (1980-1984), Crown (1979-1983), Hiace (1982-1989), Hilux (1983-1988) and Mark II (1980-1984).
The unit is quite old, but it became the basis for more modern variations diesel engine, which we will talk about in more detail.
Mass version 2L – basic parameters of the series
Diesel engines turned out to be in demand, and already in 1980 there was a need to improve the engine, which the Japanese successfully did. The reconstruction affected the cylinder head, cylinders, injection pump system and other mechanisms.
To understand the features of the 2L motor, it is worth indicating its main characteristics:
| Working volume | 2.4 l |
| Engine power | 85 hp |
| Torque | 167 N*m |
| Cylinder block | cast iron |
| Block head | aluminum |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Number of valves | 8 |
| Cylinder diameter | 92 mm |
| Piston stroke | 92 mm |
| Fuel type | diesel fuel |
| Fuel consumption: | |
| - urban cycle | 9 l/100 km |
| - suburban cycle | 7 l/100 km |
| Timing system drive | belt |
The main problem of the power unit was the unreliable cylinder head. Overheating, which occurred en masse on these models of units, turned out to be just a terrible problem. The pump is unreliable and expansion tank set too low. This combination of factors killed many members of the family.
The 2L was installed on the same cars as the first generation of this engine. Like the first generation, the 2L did not yet have a turbo. This disorder was corrected in the next generations.
Modifications of the not very successful 2L – turbo and electronics
The world demanded change, and in the early 1980s, Toyota began working on installing turbines on its main diesel engines. The power of 85 horses was not enough for any owner of the L line of engines. Playing with electronics and superchargers led to the appearance of several more versions of this engine:
As you can see, the struggle was for every horsepower. Today, all these engines have lost their relevance. Buying 2L versions as a swap option also makes no sense. Motors overheat, the cylinder head is destroyed, there are a number of problems with EFI and injection pump automation in more advanced versions.
3L – advanced diesel with a simple design
By increasing the displacement to 2.8 liters, the corporation received a 3L engine. It was installed on a limited number of models - Hiace 1993-2004, as well as Hilux 1988-1994. There are no turbines, electronic injection options or other unreliable elements, so the engine is quite durable.
Weak points include the cooling system pump, as well as the demands on service. If the timing belt breaks, you will have to replace almost the entire cylinder head and spend a lot of money on repairs.
In general, this unit turned out to be much more reliable than all its predecessors. Its resource is estimated at 500-600 thousand km. After this, you can complete the capital and drive up to 1 million km. Of course, some minor problems occur, especially with poor quality service.
5L – senior modification of the family
The motor was developed in 1997 and was installed on Hiace 1998-2004, Hilux 1997-2004, Regius Ace 1999-2004. The cylinder diameter was increased to 99.5 mm, the piston stroke was also added to 96 mm. This made it possible to increase the working volume to 3 liters. The engine power without a turbine was 97 horses, but the volume made it possible to produce a good torque of 192 N*m.
Among the advantages are the following features:
- lack of a turbine and complex electronics with various childhood diseases;
- fairly high reliability, excellent service life over 600,000 km;
- timing belt drive, it is enough to change the belt once every 60,000 km;
- simple maintenance, no expensive spare parts or specific fluids;
- a simple design in which there is nothing to break among the main components.
Problems were again caused by the pump with an archaic design and the entire cooling system. Due to overheating, cylinder head parts could fail, even leading to rupture of the head housing. But this happened extremely rarely. The oil pump is not the best, but the engine did not have any significant problems with lubrication.
5L-E - the most successful modification of the unit
This engine for the Japanese market was installed on two generations of Toyota Land Cruiser Prado 2002-2009, as well as 2009-2013. Of course, it would not have gained popularity in Russia because of its 100 hp. power. We want more horses on a car like this. And the torque of 201 N*m is not encouraging.
But otherwise, this 3-liter engine is doing very well. There is no turbine, there is a series of electronics for the absence of constant settings. Everything works reliably and does not cause any problems.
The 5L-E version turned out to be the most durable among all members of the family. It is this motor that can be considered as a swap. Its consumption on the Prado is about 10 liters per 100 km in the combined cycle - this is simply a godsend for this class.
Conclusions on Toyota's L Engine Family
Generation L motors extended their existence from 1977 to 2013. Some modifications of power units are still produced today as spare parts for already produced cars. The latest generations 3L and 5L are quite successful; they do not have significant problems or premature failure.
Older generations turned out to be less reliable; they are more likely to encounter the most common childhood diseases. different types. All L units suffer from a cooling system, only in the 5L-E it was changed and corrected. But all engines of the family easily reach 500,000 km without significant problems or repairs. This indicates high reliability and excellent quality of power plants.