Antiemetic drugs in tablets. Strong antiemetic
Antiemetic drugs for chemotherapy began to be used in the last XX century. These drugs relieve cancer patients from nausea and vomiting, which after chemotherapy caused a lot of pain and inconvenience to patients. These drugs are usually prescribed before chemotherapy is started. To date, the most effective antiemetic drugs are platinum drugs, which, unfortunately, very often have side effects, as they are highly toxic. However, they are very widely used in oncology for antiemetic therapy.
Preparations for nausea and vomiting (antiemetics) are available in the form of tablets, less often in the form of suppositories, patches and in liquid form in ampoules. In a clinical setting or with very severe symptoms, injections are prescribed.
Nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy significantly impair the patient's general well-being and reduce the quality of life. Often, these unpleasant symptoms induce the patient to refuse chemotherapy, which is necessary to prolong life. Also, frequent prolonged vomiting can lead to disruption of the water and electrolyte balance in the body and contribute to serious life-threatening conditions.
To reduce discomfort and improve overall well-being, it is advisable to follow simple recommendations:
- A few days before the start of chemotherapy sessions, you should reduce the amount of food consumed, include light meals (boiled meat, fruits, cottage cheese) in the diet. Drink only tea and fruit drinks;
- Take food 5-6 times a day in small portions, completely abandon fatty, fried, spicy and salty foods;
- Food should be warm, approximately the temperature of the human body;
- Avoid strong odors (chemicals, perfumes, tobacco smoke);
- Foreign objects in the mouth can also cause vomiting. Therefore, for example, if a patient has dentures, then they need to be worn only before eating.
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Causes of vomiting and nausea
Nausea and vomiting are caused by the destruction of malignant and healthy cells, an increase in the level of potassium in the blood (hypercalcemia), and the effects of drugs and toxins on the vomiting center in the brain. Antiemetic drugs help to improve the well-being of patients, to avoid dehydration, sharp weight loss and a strong lack of chemical elements necessary for the normal functioning of the body. Sometimes the patient may experience discomfort in the stomach and lose appetite, but nausea is not observed.
In other cases, the feeling of nausea increases with each course of chemotherapy. In addition, excitement, fear and anxiety before starting chemotherapy only worsen the patient's condition. Other causes, such as prolonged coughing or constipation, can also lead to nausea. Nausea can also appear as a side effect from taking peripheral analgesics (non-steroidal drugs) and narcotic painkillers (omnopon, morphine).
Treatments for nausea and vomiting
If the nausea is mild, no treatment is needed. You can use a simple remedy like ginger (smell it) and it can quite cope with a little nausea. In addition, you can use remedies for treatment seasickness... To alleviate the symptoms of chemotherapy, it is recommended to consume plenty of fluids and exclude foods that increase acidity (lemons, tomatoes) from the diet.
In cases of mild to moderate nausea, Compazin, Vistaril and Torekan are used. Some drugs have dosage form in the form of suppositories and inserted rectally. It is a convenient form in cases where pill formulations are poorly tolerated by the patient and cause nausea. When nausea appears due to a nervous breakdown or stress, sedatives (including herbal ones) and medications that have a sedative effect on nervous system(Ativan, Seduxen, Relanium). In addition, powerful antiemetic drugs such as metoclopramide, Cerucal, Raglan, Domperidone and Cisapride are prescribed.
Not all chemotherapy drugs cause vomiting. They have varying degrees of emetogenic (provoking vomiting) activity and are divided into five groups:
- High degree (Cisplatin, Streptozotocin, Cytarabin) - vomiting occurs in 85-95% of patients;
- Moderately high degree (Cyclophosphamide, Carboplatin) - vomiting occurs in 65-75% of cases;
- Moderate degree (Rubomycin, Mitomycin C, Doxorubicin) - vomiting occurs in 40-50% of cases;
- Moderately low degree (Methotrexate, Etoposide, Bleomycin) - with the appearance of vomiting in 25-35% of cases;
- Low grade (Tamoxifen) - vomiting occurs in 7-9% of cases.
In chemotherapy, cytostatics are very often used, the action of which helps to suppress the growth and development of malignant cells. However, in addition to their main action, these drugs often have side effects in the form of nausea and vomiting. To alleviate these symptoms, antiemetic drugs are prescribed simultaneously with cytostatic agents. An antiemetic injection is often given during a chemotherapy session to relieve negative side effects.
Attention! To alleviate the manifestation of all side effects, a doctor should prescribe medications. With the right choice of drugs and the correct adherence to dosages, unpleasant symptoms can be avoided in most cases.
During chemotherapy sessions, drugs affect the trigger (trigger) zone of the brain that transmits impulses internal organs... For example, in food poisoning, vomiting appears as a protective reflex that removes infected food from the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of cytostatic drugs on this area in the treatment of malignant neoplasms is a negative side effect. A feeling of nausea and vomiting appears, as a signal is sent from the trigger zone to the vomiting center. In addition, the occurrence of these symptoms is facilitated by toxins that are secreted by cancer.
Usually, when treating with cytostatics in cancer patients, there are two types of vomiting: acute and delayed. Acute vomiting most often occurs immediately after taking the medicine (during the first day) and is considered the most difficult and painful for the patient. Delayed vomiting does not appear immediately, but on the second - fifth day. The most common treatment is acute vomiting.
Anti-nausea drugs
Since the types of vomiting and the causes of its occurrence in patients are different, anti-nausea drugs are also used in chemotherapy differently. Currently, there are highly effective drugs such as: Tropisetron, Dolasetron, Ondansetron, Granisetron. There are almost no such drugs side effects... Emetron belongs to the same group of drugs, which is available both in tablet form and in ampoules (in difficult cases, injections are given). A good therapeutic effect against the gag reflex is given by the use of this drug in combination with Methylprednisolone and Dexamethasone.
An antiemetic (antiemetic drug) should be taken daily at the same time, on a strict schedule that must be followed throughout the course of treatment. In special cases, the patient is advised to use such drugs only as needed.
If nausea and vomiting persist after the use of chemotherapy, then antiemetic drugs are prescribed after the completion of treatment with cytostatic drugs. Sometimes the feeling of nausea does not go away even while taking antiemetics. A similar circumstance occurs with prolonged or improper use of drugs. In this case, you need to contact your doctor to correct the treatment and recommend other medicines.
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You need to know! Many people believe that taking large amounts of anti-nausea medications can improve the effectiveness of treatment. This is not true! Medicines should be used strictly as prescribed by doctors, under their control and in a dosage selected by specialists.
Classification of drugs for vomiting and nausea
Drugs for vomiting and nausea have a different antiemetic effect and are classified into several types based on this feature:
- Benzodiazepines (lorazepam);
- Phenothiazines (Ethylperazine, Prochloperazine);
- Butyrfenones (Droperidol, Haloperidol);
- Costikosteroids (Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone);
- Cannabinoids (Marinol, Dronabinol);
- Raglan (Metocloproamide);
- Serotonin receptor antagonists - Ondansetron (Emeset, Zofran, Emetron, Latran, Sturgeon), Granisetron (Kitril), Tropisetron (Novoban).
Serotonin receptor antagonists have potent antiemetic properties, blocking the trigger zone of the vomiting center in the brain.
What antiemetic drugs are in greatest demand and thus are considered the most effective? Some of them are named:
- Zofran (Latran, Sturgeon, Teva, Ondansetron);
- Granisetron (Notyrol, Kitril);
- Domegan (Emeset, Ondansetron-Teva);
- Raglan (Perinorm, Metoclopramide, Cerucal).
Using the last drug as an example, consider its description:
Raglan is an antiemetic. Available in the form of a solution for injection, drops, tablets.
Indications for use: vomiting, nausea, hiccups of all kinds.
Special instructions:
- It is not recommended to prescribe raglan together with antipsychotics;
- Take with caution in children and the elderly;
- Avoid activities that require attentiveness, quick motor and mental reactions.
Contraindications: intestinal obstruction, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, glaucoma, epilepsy.
Side effects: fatigue, headache, drowsiness, depression, dizziness, insomnia.
Dosage:
For adults - 5-10 mg orally. 3-4 times a day. With severe nausea, vomiting, the drug is administered intramuscularly at a dose of up to 10 mg. For children over 6 years old - by mouth 5 mg. 1-3 times a day.
Analogues: Cerucal, Perinorm, Metoclopramide.
Price: the cost of Raglan in Russia is up to 200 rubles.
It is possible to get rid of an insidious and serious illness only by using powerful modern remedies for treatment. Antiemetic drugs today have affordable prices and a small number of contraindications.
Vomiting is a symptom that is often accompanied by diarrhea and fever. This condition of the baby indicates that it has entered the body. intestinal infection, viral disease or poisoning. In practice, there are cases when no symptoms other than continuous vomiting are observed. What does this mean and what measures should be taken?
Among the main causes of vomiting in a child, there are 3 groups:
- nutrition;
- illness;
- external factors.
| NUTRITION | Vomiting is accompanied by diarrhea, sometimes:
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| DISEASES | Gastrointestinal problems |
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| Craniocerebral pathology | Accompanied by headaches, nausea, dizziness, concussion; | |
| Other health problems |
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| EXTERNAL FACTORS |
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When should antiemetics be used?
It is important to understand that self-medication can harm your baby. Antiemetic drugs are prescribed only by a doctor. This is done after he fully appreciates clinical picture illness.
It should be remembered that antiemetic medications have side effects when taken. Their the action is directed at receptors that are responsible not only for the control of vomiting, but can also provoke dizziness, drowsiness, cause problems with the rhythm of the heartbeat, breathing, vision.
Vomiting is a symptom, therefore, eliminating it before the arrival of a specialist, you can prevent him from assessing the amount, consistency and content of vomit, and therefore, to establish the correct diagnosis.
In no case should you panic, stay calm, calm your baby down. The next step is to determine whether the situation requires specialist advice or urgent medical attention?
Call your pediatrician home if:
- a child under 3 years old;
- vomiting attacks do not stop throughout the day;
- accompanying symptoms - diarrhea and fever;
- the baby looks very weak, lethargic;
- the baby categorically refuses to drink water;
- the appearance of a rash on the skin;
- bloody streaks or bile are observed in the vomit.
Situations when you should immediately call an ambulance:
- vomit got into Airways;
- the ingress of a foreign body into the stomach;
- vomiting preceded by head trauma;
- confusion or loss of consciousness;
- complaints of acute pain in the abdomen;
- within 2 hours the attacks happened 4 times or more.
Why are vomiting dangerous if you do not stop them?
Action should be taken immediately. Do not rely on chance, as continuous vomiting is fraught with irreversible processes.
Critical weight loss. This complication is especially dangerous for premature babies and babies with low weight.
Oh dehydration. A lack of fluid in the body leads to a violation of the water-salt balance, subsequently - to a malfunction of the vital internal organs. Severe dehydration with seizures and fainting.
A tearing child needs to provide fluid replenishment in the body, keep Rehydron in the first-aid kit for this Have a shower from vomit that got into the respiratory tract. It is especially dangerous if the baby loses consciousness and does not control the process.
Into the internal bleeding. Cases have been noted when bloody blotches are observed in the vomit. This happens due to injuries of the mucous membranes of the stomach and esophagus, due to incessant vomiting, blood vessels burst.
And spiral pneumonia. It occurs when vomit enters the lungs, since the gastric juice is quite aggressive. When such a diagnosis is made, inpatient treatment is prescribed: removal of mucus from the trachea by suction, antibiotic therapy, rarely artificial ventilation of the lungs.
What to do with persistent vomiting and what not to do
First of all, the parents of the baby are tasked with finding out the cause of vomiting and paying attention to the presence of other symptoms.
Emergency steps:
- Call a doctor or ambulance right away (depending on the condition).
- Actions must be calm and decisive., you can not give in to panic and spread it to the child. Calm down the baby, do not scold for dirty things. Hug and support him, while not losing sight of him for a second.
- After each vomiting attack, cleanse your mouth and wipe your face and hands with a clean, damp towel. The main thing is that nothing oozes bad smell, which can provoke new attacks.
- During an attack, the child should be seated, tilting his body forward so that the masses cannot enter the respiratory tract.
- If the baby is not sick, lay him on his side or on his back, but so that his face is turned to the side. Place a high pillow under your head.
- You cannot feed a child during such a period.... A little fasting will not harm, but only help to improve the condition.
- Drink plenty of fluids, rehydration solutions. Drink a little bit every 5 minutes so as not to trigger new attacks, while preventing the body from losing a lot of moisture.
- Give your baby a sorbent.
- In the presence of blood impurities - do not drink... In this case, it is recommended to apply an ice pack to the tummy, let the child dissolve the ice cube. Such actions will provoke vasoconstriction and stop bleeding until an ambulance arrives.
- If there is a very high temperature- it is better to bring it down, but not by oral means. If the degrees are not critical, wait for the arrival of the doctor without knocking down. The best antipyretic suppositories for children -.
- Do not forget to collect biomaterial (vomit, feces) for laboratory research.
Absolutely forbidden
- If the baby is unconscious, try to flush his stomach, induce vomiting.
- Give antiemetic drugs without prior examination and prescription by a doctor, especially those whose action is directed to intestinal motility.
- Without recommendations, give antibacterial drugs, pain relievers - so as not to distort the symptoms and clinical picture.
- Use alcohol-based antiseptics, potassium permanganate for gastric lavage.
- Disregard the dosage and course of treatment recommended by the doctor if there is an improvement in the condition.
- Induce vomiting if poisoning with acid, alkali or gasoline is suspected - so as not to burn the esophagus. In this case, you need to call a doctor, giving you water to drink all the time.
If vomiting persists, is accompanied by blood, has a green tint, exudes a fetid odor, and other dangerous signs ( elevated temperature body, convulsions, loose watery stools, non-standard and very restless behavior of the baby) - immediately call a doctor, and preferably an ambulance.
How to give antiemetics correctly
Anti-vomiting drugs are prescribed by a doctor after examining the results of blood and vomit tests for the presence of infections or pathological organisms in them. You can not use medicines, referring only to the instructions read, without consulting a specialist before this.
remember, that uncontrolled and unreasonable treatment with such drugs causes side reactions, the simplest of which are:
- dizziness;
- heart rhythm disorder;
- convulsions;
- stomach upset;
- weakening of vision;
- difficulty breathing.
Also, taking antiemetic drugs in case of poisoning or intestinal infection is prohibited, because, together with the vomit, the body throws out harmful toxins. This process cannot be suppressed so as not to endanger the life of the child.
Sorbents for children
Among all the drugs on the market that are available and harmless for vomiting are sorbents. Their main function is to absorb and eliminate toxins from the body that provoke vomiting and intestinal disorders. The undoubted advantage of such funds is that when using them, the intestinal bacterial microflora is not damaged... They are used from birth.
Below is a table with the main characteristics of popular sorbent drugs that are effective for vomiting in children.
| Dosage | Contraindications / Adverse Reactions | Average price, rub. | |
| ACTIVATED CARBON, tablets, 0+ | 0.05 g per 1 kg of body weight three times a day. At acute diseases therapy lasts 3-5 days. |
| 20 |
| SMEKTA, powder, 0+ |
|
| 150 |
| ENTEROSGEL, gel, 0+ |
|
| 400 |
| POLIFEPAN, powder, 0+ |
Take a single dose 3-4 times a day. |
| 70 |
| ENTERODEZ, powder, 1+ | The drug is diluted at the rate of 2.5 g of powder per 50 ml of cold boiled water.
| Hypersensitivity to the drug.
| 130 |
| FILTRUM STI, tablets, 0+ |
|
| 90 |
- ACTIVATED COAL is the most affordable sorbent that a person with any income can afford. The tablets have a porous structure, because of this, the absorption of toxic substances occurs very quickly. Relief is coming soon. The drug is safe for children early age, the main thing is to take into account the recommended dosages.
- SMEKTA - sorbent in the form of a powder, which is allowed to be diluted in boiled water, in compote, tea, baby food, expressed breast milk. The indisputable advantage of use is that SMEKTA not only absorbs toxins, but also covers the mucous tissues of the stomach and intestines with a thin film, protecting against irritation. A minor minus in the form of side reactions - constipation, but mostly it happens due to an overdose.
- ENTEROSGEL is a medicine produced in the form of a gel. It is allowed to use babies from birth. To reduce the likelihood of an adverse reaction (nausea), dilute the gel in a small amount of boiled water or expressed breast milk.
- POLYPHEPAN. The powder contains lignin (a product from coniferous wood), which has the ability to absorb and remove from the body toxins, food allergens, poisons, heavy metals, radioactive isotopes, ammonia, cholesterol and bile acids. If the patient has a tendency to constipation, it is recommended to take it with a drink. big amount water.
- ENTERODEZ should be combined with the use of other drugs, observing the time interval, since the drug can affect the rate and degree of absorption of substances from the gastrointestinal tract. The finished solution is stored at a temperature of 0-4 ° C for 3 days.
- FILTER STI allowed to use in combination with other medicines, subject to the rules of separate intake. It has a high sorption activity and nonspecific detoxification effect, it also absorbs an excess of certain metabolic products (including bilirubin, cholesterol, urea), metabolites responsible for the development of endogenous toxicosis.
Table of drugs by age
| Name, form of issue, age category | Dosage | Contraindications | Adverse Reactions | Average price, rub. |
| TSERUKAL, tablets, 2+ | The recommended dose of metoclopramide is 0.1-0.15 mg / 1 kg of body weight up to 3 times a day (1 tablet = 10 mg). |
| When using high doses, extrapyramidal symptoms occur more often (sometimes simultaneously):
| 150 |
| METOCLOPRAMIDE, tablets, 2+ | The dosage is determined by the attending physician. |
|
| 40 |
| ENTEROFURIL, suspension, 1 month from birth + |
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| 380 |
| ADISORD, capsules, 3+ | Children 3-6 years old: 200 mg of the drug 3 times a day. The daily dose is not more than 600 mg. |
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| 260 |
| PEPPER LEAVES, vegetable raw materials, 3+ | Inside in the form of an infusion, 70-100 ml three times a day, 15 minutes before meals. |
| Allergic reactions. | 50 |
| MINT TABLETS, tablets, 3+ | 1 tablet during an attack of nausea. |
| Allergic reactions. | 15 |
| REGIDRON powder, 0+ | The contents of the sachet are dissolved in 1 liter of cold freshly boiled water and given at 80-100 mg / per 1 kg of body weight per day to restore water-electrolyte metabolism. |
| None. | 400 |
- CERUKAL tones up the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, accelerates the excretion of vomit from the stomach and stimulates the process of defecation. Long-term use (up to 5 days) is not recommended to avoid manifestations of adverse reactions.
- METOCLOPRAMIDE use with extreme caution in children, especially young children, they have a higher risk of dyskinetic syndrome. Against the background of the use of the drug, distortions of laboratory indicators of liver function are noted. With simultaneous use, the absorption of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, ethanol is enhanced.
- If the cause of vomiting is such that antibacterial drugs, for example, ENTEROFURIL, are indicated to eliminate it. Therapy should not last more than 7 days. Before using the medicine, it is worth shaking well in order to raise the sediment from the bottom. When treating with ENTEROFURIL - carry out rehydration therapy.
- ADISORD is used internally, do not chew the capsule, drink a minimum amount of liquid. The duration of therapy is 5-7 days. If there is no improvement on day 3, immediately consult a specialist. Recommended to rehydrate, in case of allergy manifestations(including shortness of breath, skin rash, itching) - stop taking the drug.
- PEPPER LEAVE MINT is considered one of the safest antiemetics as it is made entirely of natural plant materials. The prepared infusion has an antispasmodic, sedative, choleretic, antiemetic and local irritant effect.
- Another harmless drug is MINT TABLETS for resorption. They are used symptomatically, that is, when nausea attacks begin. The drug irritates cold receptors, reflexively causing relaxation of smooth muscles, has sedative activity, and removes bile from the body.
- To restore the electrolyte balance of the body - it follows. Do not exceed the dosage of the drug if the need for additional administration of electrolytes is not confirmed by laboratory tests. Sugar must not be added to the solution. Give food immediately after rehydration. If you vomit, wait 10 minutes and give the drug to drink slowly, in small sips.
The consequence of the treatment of vomiting in a baby is intestinal dysbiosis. Which probiotics will restore microflora faster - follow the link.
Folk remedies
If the cause that caused the vomiting is identified and does not pose a critical threat to the child's body, one of the indicated traditional medicine tips is applied to relieve symptoms.
| Name | Cooking method | Note |
| Dill seed decoction | Add 1 teaspoon of dill seeds to 200 ml of boiling water, boil over low heat for 2 minutes. Strain. | This broth eliminates not only the urge to vomit, but also helps with diarrhea and intestinal flatulence. Allowed to give to newborns. |
| Mint tea | 1 tablespoon of dry mint leaves pour 200 ml of boiling water, leave for 1 hour in a thermos. Give 1 teaspoon every hour. | Tea is allowed to be given from six months, it also has sedative properties. |
| Potato and cabbage juice | Mix raw cabbage and potato juice in a 1: 1 ratio. | Use the juice immediately after preparation, do not store. |
| Infusion of tansy and wormwood | For 1 tablespoon of herbs, pour 300 ml of boiling water, leave in a thermos for an hour. | Give 1 teaspoon per hour. |
| Apple infusion | 3 pcs. cut medium apples into slices, pour 400 ml of boiling water, leave in a thermos for 1 hour. After 1 hour, add 1 tablespoon of honey. | Give drinks during the day instead of meals. |
| Ginger broth | Peel 100 g of ginger root, grate on a fine grater. Boil for 2 minutes in boiling water (200 ml). Cool to 38-40 degrees (warm state). | Give after each vomiting attack 2 teaspoons. |
Antiemetic injections
When it is not possible to take a pill or syrup to stop vomiting (comes out with vomit), it is recommended to use antiemetic injections.
The introduction of the drug intramuscularly or intravenously guarantees the rapid achievement of relief in well-being On the drug market, the most popular drugs are presented both in the form of tablets, suspensions, and in the form of solutions for intramuscular injection.
TSERUKAL (240 rubles) is allowed to be administered to babies who have reached 2 years of age. Special care should be taken, since the drug has a wide list of contraindications and adverse reactions. Has characteristics similar to tablets. The drug is administered intramuscularly or slowly intravenously, while monitoring the general reaction of the patient's body. Not effective when vomiting is caused by motion sickness.
METOCLOPRAMIDE (from 40 rubles for a pack of 10 ampoules) in the form of a solution for injection has the same characteristics as tablets, but it is allowed to be administered to children from 3 years old. The drug helps to reduce nausea and hiccups, stimulates the peristalsis of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Despite their effectiveness, all antiemetics have a wide list of contraindications, adverse reactions, instructions for interaction with other drugs. For this reason, strictly adhere to the doctor's recommendations, do not deviate from the scheme, do not increase the dosage.
Drugs to suppress vomiting during chemotherapy
The mechanism of action of the following drugs is associated with their direct effect on the emetic center, their feature is the ability to block serotonin receptors. Therefore these medicines are used in oncology.
| Name, form of issue, age category | Dosage | Contraindications | Adverse Reactions | Average price, rub. |
| ONDANCETRON-TEVA, solution for injection tablets, 2+ | Children over 2 years of age: intravenously at a dose of 5 mg per 1 sq. m. body surface before chemotherapy, after 12 hours - orally at a dose of 4 mg. At the end of the course of chemotherapy, continue taking 4 mg 2 times a day for 5 days. |
|
| Solution - 300, tablets - 350. |
| STURGEON, solution for injection, tablets, 6 months + | Administered immediately before chemotherapy by a single injection at a dose of 0.15 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The intravenous dose should not exceed 8 mg. After 12 hours, start oral administration of the drug, which can last another 5 days. | Hypersensitivity to active substance or other components of the drug. |
| Solution - 400, tablets - 5000. |
| KITRIL, solution for injection, 2+ | The dose is selected at the rate of 20-40 mcg per 1 kg of body weight and is administered by infusion. |
|
| Solution - 6500. |
- ONDANSETRON-TEVA can slow down the motility of the large intestine, and therefore its appointment to patients with signs of intestinal obstruction requires special monitoring. To avoid the occurrence of delayed vomiting that occurs 24 hours after the start of chemotherapy, it is recommended to take the drug orally (tablets).
- STURGEON is effective for nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Has a number of side effects, which should be carefully read before use. Such reactions occur in case of an overdose, therefore, the dosage and intervals of administration are prescribed by the attending physician.
- Treatment with KITRIL should not be carried out for more than 7 days. In case of indomitable vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation exposure, inject the solution additionally 2 times with an interval of 10 minutes. Children should not use more than 60 mcg of the drug per 1 kg of body weight per day. KITROL in tablet form is prohibited for use in children under 12 years of age.
conclusions
Nausea and vomiting in both a child and an adult are symptoms of a disease that needs to be diagnosed as quickly as possible. The main rule for the manifestation of vomiting in a child is to remain calm, act adequately, do not self-medicate and immediately seek professional help. Dr. Komarovsky talks about food poisoning and methods of their treatment:
Vomiting is the body's defensive reaction. In this way, the stomach is freed from all the toxic substances that have accumulated in it. It is not considered a separate disease, but rather a symptom that indicates that there is some kind of malfunction in the body. If vomiting in your case is just a temporary phenomenon, special pills will help to cope with it.
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Indications for use
Pills for vomiting, as a rule, are taken if it appeared after excessive consumption of food, too much emotional stress or stressful situation, taking some drugs(for example, cytostatics) for seasickness or air sickness, after radiation therapy or surgery. Before using any antiemetic drug, you need to pay attention that all drugs in this group have a different mechanism of action. That is, if you need to get rid of vomiting after overeating, you should take some pills, and others for air sickness.
That is why, before using pills for vomiting, you need to determine the cause of its appearance. If you stop unpleasant symptom fails, you should immediately call an ambulance.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Consider the pharmacodynamics of pills for vomiting using the example of the popular drug "Cerucal".
As an effective antiemetic drug "Cerucal" helps to block serotonin and dopamine receptors. The main substance metoclopramide has a peripheral and central effect. Due to the blockade of dopamine receptors in brain cells, the threshold for stimulation of the center, which is responsible for the gag reflex, rises.
Thanks to its mechanism of action, "Cerucal" helps to quickly cope not only with vomiting and nausea, but also with hiccups. The action is to reduce motor activity esophagus, an increase in the tone of the lower sphincter, rapid evacuation of the stomach, acceleration of the movement of food through the small intestine without signs of diarrhea and normalization of the biliary function of the liver.
Let's consider the pharmacokinetics of pills for vomiting using the example of the popular drug "Cerucal".
The tablets are rather quickly absorbed immediately after being ingested. Their bioavailability is up to 80%. Metabolism takes place in the liver. Semi-excreted within 3-5 hours. At chronic diseases kidney, this process can take up to 14 hours. The drug is excreted unchanged through the kidneys within 1 day.
Using anti-vomiting pills during pregnancy
During pregnancy, especially in its first weeks, nausea and vomiting are constant companions of a woman. Of course, they need to be treated. Today in pharmacies there are many different products that help to cope with such an unpleasant condition even during pregnancy.
For example, Hofitol is a fairly popular pill for vomiting and nausea. It contains artichoke leaves and cynarin. But he also has contraindications: cholelithiasis, kidney and liver diseases, intolerance to the components. Holyfol is taken 2-3 tablets three times a day.
Anestezin is considered to be no less popular remedy. This drug can be used not only during pregnancy, but also to treat vomiting in children.
Contraindications to use and side effects
The main contraindications to the use of pills for vomiting are as follows:
- Intolerance to their main components.
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding.
- Childhood(rarely).
- Chronic liver and kidney disease.
- Bleeding of gastrointestinal localization.
- Peptic ulcer stomach and duodenal ulcer and ulcerative colitis.
Of course, like other medications, anti-vomiting pills have their own side effects. The most common are:
- Allergies (rash, hives, itching).
- Irritation, drowsiness, insomnia.
- Dry and unpleasant taste in the mouth.
- Agranulocytosis.
- Diarrhea or constipation.
If you notice a manifestation of side effects in yourself, you should immediately consult a doctor.
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Names of pills for vomiting
Meterazine... The drug is quite potent. It is often used to relieve vomiting and nausea caused by motion sickness. The active ingredient is prochlorperazine.
It is used after meals three to four times a day, one tablet. If after the first use all symptoms have disappeared, you do not need to reuse the drug.
The main side effects from the use of "Meterazine" are: drowsiness, dysmenorrhea, dry mouth, loss of appetite, allergies, edema, agitation. These pills for vomiting are contraindicated in: diseases of the heart and blood vessels, brain trauma, pregnancy and breastfeeding, breast cancer, glaucoma (especially angle-closure), epilepsy, old age, intolerance to components.
Aeron... Tablets that are used to prevent motion sickness and relieve symptoms such as vomiting. The active ingredients are hyoscyamine and scopolamine.
The drug should be taken thirty minutes before the flight or travel by other means of transport. Take two tablets on an empty stomach. After one hour, you need to take another pill. Sometimes Aeron is prescribed to relieve vomiting when a patient has a headache. It is not recommended to exceed the maximum dosage allowed for one day (four tablets).
This remedy for vomiting is not prescribed for patients with angle-closure glaucoma, with chronic diseases prostate or with intolerance to their components. Sometimes there are unpleasant side effects: thirst, dilated pupils, urinary retention, dizziness, paresis of accommodation.
Diprazine... It is a popular sedative and antihistamine. Due to the fact that it has a calming effect on the central nervous system, it helps to relieve vomiting.
The remedy is taken twice or three times a day (one tablet at a time) after eating. Very rarely, after use, side effects occur: dry mouth, skin irritation, lowering blood pressure, drowsiness.
The remedy is completely contraindicated for taking with alcohol. Also, tablets should not be used by vehicle drivers. If pregnant, it can be taken after a doctor's prescription.
Cerucal
A popular antiemetic drug that helps block dopamine receptors. The active ingredient in these tablets is metoclopramide hydrochloride monohydrate.
It is taken half an hour before eating. You should drink the drug enough water. Adults are advised to take one tablet 3-4 times a day. Children can usually drink half a tablet two to three times a day.
Cerucal is contraindicated in early pregnancy, women who are breastfeeding, with intolerance to its components. Common side effects from the use of the drug are: dizziness, migraines and headaches, severe fatigue, deterioration of the emotional state, drowsiness, tinnitus, agranulocytosis, diarrhea, constipation.
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Metoclopramide
An inexpensive and effective remedy for severe vomiting, nausea and hiccups. Helps to stimulate gastric motility. Blocks dopamine receptors. The active ingredient is: metoclopramide hydrochloride monohydrate.
The average dosage of these pills for vomiting is 1 tablet three to four times a day. If vomiting is very severe, the dose can be increased to 2 tablets.
Metoclopramide should not be used by pregnant women and breastfeeding... Contraindications are also: bleeding in gastrointestinal tract, intestinal obstruction, epilepsy, intolerance to the components of the drug. Side effects from use are as follows: diarrhea or constipation at the very beginning of therapy, drowsiness, severe fatigue, headache and migraine, akatasia, agranulocytosis, allergies.
Tablets for vomiting and nausea
Activated carbon ... An excellent absorbent to help relieve nausea and vomiting caused by overeating or medication.
The dosage depends on the patient's weight. Usually they take up to 750 mg of activated carbon 3-4 times a day. Among the main side effects are: diarrhea, constipation, hypovitaminosis (with long-term use). Activated charcoal should not be used for bleeding in the stomach, as well as for patients with ulcers.
Kokkulin... This is a homeopathic remedy. Active active ingredients are: indicus cocculus, tobacco, nux vomica, petroleum. The tablets must be sucked in the mouth. Helps relieve nausea and vomiting from motion sickness.
Take two tablets three times a day, 24 hours before the intended trip and on the same day. For the treatment of vomiting that was not caused by motion sickness, dissolve two tablets until the normal state is fully restored (every hour).
Side effects: allergic reactions... Cannot be taken with intolerance to the components of the drug and during lactase deficiency.
Tablets for vomiting and diarrhea
Polyphepan... This drug has vegetable origin... It is derived from hydrolytic lignin. Differs in detoxification, enterosorbent, hypolipidemic, antidiarrheal effect.
The tablets are taken an hour or an hour and a half before meals. The maximum daily dose for adults is up to 16 tablets (for children - 10 tablets). Therapy lasts no more than 7 days in acute diseases.
The main side effects are allergies and constipation. The drug should be taken with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus... It is contraindicated in case of intolerance to the main components.
Motilium... An excellent antiemetic that can also help relieve nausea and diarrhea. The main active ingredient is domperidone.
The average dosage is considered as follows: 1-2 tablets 3-4 times a day. Contraindications for taking the drug are the following diseases: bleeding in the stomach, benign and malignant tumors of the pituitary gland, acute and chronic failure of the kidneys and liver, intolerance to components, too low body weight (up to 35 kg), pregnancy, lactation.
Side effects include: intestinal cramps, agitation, convulsions, anaphylactic reactions, allergies, drowsiness.
Severe vomiting pills
Betahistine... The active active ingredient of the drug is betahistine dihydrochloride. Usually, this drug helps to deal with severe vomiting that has been caused by motion sickness. To obtain an effective result, you need to drink half a tablet 3 times a day a few days before the intended trip.
The drug is contraindicated in: pregnancy, breastfeeding, under the age of 18. Side effects from taking the drug can be as follows: stool disorder, allergic reactions.
Buscopan... The active ingredient of these tablets for vomiting is hyoscine butyl bromide. This drug is used to treat severe vomiting, nausea in gastrointestinal diseases.
The tool should be taken three times a day, 1 tablet. The main side effects of the drug are: urinary retention, allergies, tachycardia, shortness of breath. Buscopan is contraindicated in children under 6 years of age, during pregnancy and lactation, in patients with myasthenia gravis and megacolon.
Vomiting tablets for children
Anestezin... The active ingredient of the drug is benzocaine. The main feature of this remedy is the fact that it can be taken even by young children to eliminate vomiting and nausea. The dosage is individual. It depends on the severity of the disease that caused the unpleasant symptom, as well as on the indications.
The main side effects of using this drug are allergic reactions. The tool should not be taken if its components are intolerant.
Method of application and dose of tablets for vomiting
The dosage of pills for vomiting always depends on the chosen drug, individual characteristics organism and the severity of the patient's condition. Some drugs can be used without a doctor's recommendation. For more information on dosage, you must carefully study the instructions for the drug.
Overdose
Sometimes with an overdose of pills from vomiting, an increase in side effects is possible. Patients often develop severe drowsiness, confusion, anxiety, irritation, and seizures. If the poisoning was mild, then all the symptoms of an overdose disappear within 24 hours. If this does not happen, it is necessary to consult a doctor and establish constant monitoring of the patient's vital organs.
The network of pharmacies 36.6 has a wide range of anti-nausea pills. The web resource allows you to order delivery to any of 1200 pharmacies in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Moscow and Leningrad regions.
A variety of promotions are constantly held on the page, and regular customers will find a flexible system of discounts and a bonus program that reduces the price of drugs. Payment for the selected product is carried out exclusively at the selected branch of the pharmacy.
Indications
Nausea is pre-vomiting unpleasant sensation in the epigastric region, chest, mouth and pharynx. The correct selection of remedies for pain and nausea will allow short time rid the body of uncomfortable sensations. Antiemetic drugs should be selected based on the causes of vomiting.
It can be caused in children and adults:
- violation of digestive processes;
- infectious and viral pathogens;
- high blood pressure;
- toxicosis;
- violation of the nervous system;
- poisoning;
- problems with the vestibular apparatus;
- side effects from other medications.
However, vomiting and diarrhea can lead to rapid dehydration. After the doctor makes a diagnosis, it is necessary to choose an effective remedy in tablets, powders or other forms of release, which suppresses and stops the process of dehydration of the body.
Contraindications
Almost all antiemetic drugs pass into breast milk, so their use during breastfeeding is undesirable.
Despite the fact that the experiments did not reveal an adverse effect modern drugs on the fetus during pregnancy, taking this type of medication is discussed with the doctor.
Contraindications include:
- bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract;
- mechanical intestinal obstruction;
- gastric, intestinal perforation;
- pheochromocytoma;
- epilepsy;
- prolactin-dependent tumors;
- glaucoma;
- the use of anticholinergic drugs;
- hypersensitivity to metoclopramide.
Forms of issue
Medications for nausea can come in different forms. Among the main types of drugs presented in the pharmacy are:
- solutions;
- pills.
All drugs presented on the site have licenses and certificates of conformity, which can be found on the corresponding pages.
Countries of origin
Pharmacy chain 36.6 presents antiemetic drugs from leading manufacturing countries such as:
- Russia;
- Croatia;
- Poland.
The pharmacy catalog contains a wide range of drugs from leading Russian pharmaceutical plants.
The search for the required drug is carried out on the website by the country of manufacture, form of release, active ingredient and price, which greatly simplifies the search process.
BEFORE USING PREPARATIONS, PLEASE READ THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OR CONSULT A SPECIALIST.
Bibliography:
- [i] Yakovenko KP et al. Vomiting and nausea: pathogenesis, etiology, diagnosis, treatment // Pharmateka. Since 2005. No. 1.
Vomiting, in most cases, is a physiological process that facilitates the removal of irritating substances from the stomach. Sometimes it is even intensified in order to give early relief to the patient. But sometimes it is a process accompanying the general state of the whole organism and only exacerbates the situation. Different kinds diseases, surgery, emotional overexcitation of the body, taking various medications, radiation therapy and overexcitation of the labyrinth apparatus (seasickness or air sickness), all of which can cause the onset of vomiting. In such situations, it is necessary to take antiemetics to alleviate the general condition.
All antiemetic drugs affect the body in different ways and involve different areas of neural regulation. If we talk about stomach problems, here a very effective remedy will be the use of drugs such as anesthesin or novocaine, which relieve spasms and have an analgesic and relaxing effect. And if it is necessary to influence the receptors of the nerve center that promote vomiting, I take. When symptoms occur, antiemetics such as chilinolytics are effective. Antipsychotics and antihistamines (diprazine and diphenhydramine) will help. Fluorofinazine, triftazine, meterazine, ethaperazine and haloperidol are good, but each of them has side effects, so be sure to read the instructions before using. Such as promethazine and meclosine can be used on different timeframes pregnancy and in the postoperative period.
Antiemetics such as tropisetron, latran, and zofran should be taken if vomiting occurs as a result of chemotherapy. They act on serotonin receptors and only supplement the main treatment aimed at eliminating the main disease, which results in vomiting and nausea. It should be said that all these drugs have a number of side effects and, not to mention serious consequences, can lead to a strong decrease blood pressure feeling drowsy, depressed and lethargic. They have a depressing effect on the nervous system, they can create and therefore, with great caution, are prescribed to children. Recently, antiemetic drugs such as domperidone and cesapride have been developed to relieve vomiting without side effects.
But it is not only with medications that you can achieve rapid relief of the patient's condition with vomiting. No less effective in such cases can be ethnoscience, offering a natural remedy for vomiting that is natural and free of side effects. These are potatoes, the juice of which must be taken before meals, an alcoholic tincture from the tangerine peel, green tea and a decoction of mint. Grated is especially good for frequent vomiting in pregnant women. Symptoms will go away quickly if you add it to food daily. Lemon balm soothes and relieves vomiting. Often, with severe vomiting, a soda solution is made (one spoonful per glass of water). It is necessary to stir and drink the entire amount at once.
With prolonged vomiting, it is necessary to force yourself to eat, often and in very small portions, in order to maintain strength in the body. In each individual case, the mechanism of this unpleasant problem should be taken into account and the appropriate remedies for vomiting should be selected. And in serious lingering cases, the best solution would be the immediate help of specialists.