Presentation on the topic of oil and gas. Production and transportation of natural gas Natural gases are extracted from wells of pure gas fields, as well as oil fields along with oil and

The natural regime of a deposit is a set of natural forces (types of energy) that ensure the movement of oil or gas in the reservoir to the bottoms of production wells.

In oil deposits to the main forces moving oil in formations,

include:

The pressure of the circuit water under the influence of its mass is water pressure mode;

Contour water pressure as a result of elastic expansion of rock and water -

elastic water pressure;

Gas cap gas pressure - gas pressure (gas cap mode);

The elasticity of the gas released from oil dissolved in it is

dissolved gas;

The gravity of oil is gravitational.

In gas and gas condensate deposits energy sources are the pressure under which the gas is located in the formation and the pressure of the marginal formation waters.

Accordingly, the modes are distinguished:

gas

elastic water-gas pressure

NATURAL REGIMES OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS

VNKk

VNKtek

VNKnach

change in reservoir volume in the process:

1- perforation intervals; 2- oil; 3-water; 4- direction of movement of water and oil; VNK position: VNKnach - initial,

VNKk – final;

In water-pressure mode, the main type of energy is the pressure of marginal water, which penetrates into the reservoir and relatively quickly completely compensates for the withdrawn amount of oil and associated water. During the exploitation of a deposit, the entire mass of oil moves within its boundaries.

The volume of the deposit is gradually reduced due to the rise of the water-water contact.

NATURAL REGIMES OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS OIL DEPOSITS (water-pressure mode)

The regime is characteristic of deposits associated with infiltration water-pressure systems, with good hydrodynamic connection of the deposit with the boundary zone of the reservoir and with the feeding area.

This is ensured under the following geological conditions:

Large size of the contour area;

A short distance of the deposit from the feeding area,

High permeability and relatively homogeneous structure of the reservoir both within the reservoir and in the aquifer;

Absence of tectonic disturbances,

Low viscosity of reservoir oil;

At small sizes deposits and, accordingly, moderate fluid withdrawals from the productive horizon, due to which they can be fully compensated by water penetrating into the deposit.

NATURAL REGIMES OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS

OIL DEPOSITS (water-pressure regime)

An example of the development of an oil deposit under natural water pressure conditions

R pl

R us

Main development period

q stage IV

0.7 k extract.n

dynamics of key development indicators: pressure: Ppl – reservoir,

Rnas – saturation; annual selections: qк – oil, qл – liquid; B – water cut

products; G – field gas factor; kizvl.n - extraction coefficient

There is a close connection between the behavior of dynamic reservoir pressure and the amount of current fluid extraction from the reservoir - a relatively small decrease in it with increasing extraction, a constant value with constant extraction, an increase with a decrease in extraction, restoration almost to the initial reservoir pressure with a complete cessation of liquid extraction from the reservoir; pressure reduction area

usually limited by the area of ​​the deposit;

NATURAL REGIMES OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS OIL DEPOSITS (water-pressure mode)

An example of the development of an oil deposit under natural water pressure conditions

R pl

R us

Main development period

q stage IV

0.7 k extract.n

dynamics of key development indicators: pressure: Рpl – reservoir, Рsat – saturation; annual selections: q To -

oil, q liquid – liquid; B – water cut

products; G – field gas factor; k extract.n - extraction coefficient

The water-pressure regime is distinguished by the following features of the dynamics of development indicators:

Average values ​​practically unchanged throughout the entire development period

field gas factor;

The achieved high rate of annual oil production during the period of high stable oil production, called stage II of development, is up to 8-10% per year or more of the initial recoverable reserves (IRR); selection during the main development period (for the first three stages) of about 85-90% of recoverable oil reserves;

In water-pressure mode, the highest oil recovery factor is achieved - up to 0.6-0.7..

NATURAL REGIMES OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS

A mode in which oil is forced out of the formation under the influence of the pressure of marginal water, but unlike the water pressure mode, the main source of energy is the elasticity of the reservoir rocks and the liquid saturating them

In this mode, the fluid withdrawal is not fully compensated by the water penetrating into the reservoir. As a result, the decrease in pressure in the reservoir gradually spreads beyond the reservoir and covers a large area of ​​the aquiferous part of the reservoir. In this area, a corresponding expansion of the rock and formation water occurs. The elasticity coefficients of water and rock are insignificant, however, with large sizes of the area of ​​​​reduced pressure, many times greater than the size of the deposit, the elastic forces of the formation serve as a source of significant energy.

Elastic water pressure regime can manifest itself in various geological conditions. It can be possessed by deposits of infiltration water-pressure systems that have a weak hydrodynamic connection (or do not have it) with the supply area due to a large distance from it, reduced permeability and significant heterogeneity of the formation, and increased oil viscosity.

NATURAL REGIMES OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS OIL DEPOSITS (elastic water-pressure regime)

R pl

			The process of displacing oil with water from
				similar		water pump
					due to less
			favorable		geological and physical
			conditions the share of non-recoverable reserves by
			compared to water pressure mode
	R us		increases slightly.

me and d a t s

Stage III

Dynamics of main indicators

pressure: Рpl – reservoir, Рsas – saturation; annual selections: qк – oil, qл – liquid;

B - water cut of products;

G - field gas factor; kizvl. - oil recovery factor

NATURAL REGIMES OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS OIL DEPOSITS (elastic water-pressure regime)

R pl

Dynamics

indicators

development

elastic-water-pressure

similarities with

dynamics of water pressure regime, and differences from it:

The differences are as follows: when

elastic-water-pressure mode at

throughout

R us

development

is happening

reduction in reservoir pressure; according to

extensions

reduction

pressure

pressure

gradually slows down, resulting in selection

liquid when the pressure drops by 1 MPa in

k extract.n

time gradually increases.

Main period

development

Main similarities is that on

Dynamics of the main

indicators

throughout

development

pressure: Rpl - reservoir, Pnas

commercial

factor remains

saturation;

selections: qк

permanent

due to

exceeding

oil, ql – liquid;

reservoir

pressure

pressure

B - water cut of products;

The elastic water pressure system is large in size

R us

Dependence of dynamic reservoir pressure Ppl on the accumulated fluid production Ql since the beginning of its development.

Dimensions of the contour area: 1-large; 2-small; 3-contour area is practically absent

Curve 2 reflects the case with a relatively small aquifer area, which is typical for productive horizons in which either the permeability sharply decreases in the aquifer area, or there are disjunctive disturbances at a short distance from the deposit.

The dependence represented by line 3 indicates that liquid production is carried out only due to the elastic forces of the oil-bearing reservoir itself.

area (lithological deposit or sealed deposit). In practice, such a regime of deposits is called elastic.

Slide 2

• Oil is a complex multicomponent mutually soluble mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons of various chemical structure with the number of carbon atoms up to 100 or more with an admixture of heteroorganic compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and some metals.

Slide 3

The main part of oil consists of three groups of hydrocarbons - alkanes, arenes and naphthenes

• Chemically, oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, divided into two groups - heavy and light oil. Light oil contains approximately two percent less carbon than heavy oil, but accordingly, more hydrogen and oxygen.

Slide 4

• Alkanes (hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, paraffins) are the most chemically stable. Their general formulaСnH(2n+2).

Slide 5

• Naphthenes include alicyclic hydrocarbons of the composition CnH2n, CnH (2n-2) and CnH (2n-4). Oil contains mainly cyclopentane C5H10, cyclohexane C6H10 and their homologues. Arenas ( aromatic hydrocarbons). They are significantly poorer in hydrogen, the carbon/hydrogen ratio in arenes is the highest, much higher than in oil in general.

Slide 6

Oil resources and deposits

• World recoverable oil reserves are estimated at 141.3 billion tons. Given current oil production volumes, these reserves will last for 42 years. Of these, 66.4% are located in the countries of the Near and Middle East.

Slide 7

• In addition to the carbon part, oil contains an asphalt-resin component, porphyrins, sulfur and an ash part.
• Non-hydrocarbon components of oil include resins and asphaltenes, which play a very important role in the chemical activity of oil.

Slide 8

• It can be added that the geological neighbor of oil, natural gas, is also a substance with a complex composition. Most of all - up to 95% by volume - is methane in this mixture. Ethane, propane, butanes and other alkanes are also present. A more thorough analysis revealed in natural gas and small quantities helium

Slide 9

• The use of natural gas began a long time ago, but at first it was carried out only in places where it naturally comes to the surface. In Dagestan, Azerbaijan, Iran and other eastern regions.

Slide 10

• For many centuries, people have used such gifts of nature, but these cases cannot be called industrial development. Only in the mid-19th century did natural gas become a technological fuel, and one of the first examples was glass production, organized on the basis of the Dagestan Ogni deposit.

Slide 11

Application

• Oil and gas are unique and exceptionally useful resources. Their processed products are used in almost all industries, in all types of transport, in military and civil construction, agriculture, energy, in everyday life, etc. A variety of products are produced from oil and gas chemical materials, such as plastics, synthetic fibers, rubbers, varnishes, paints, road and construction bitumens, detergents and many more etc.

View all slides

Oil production

Oil production is a branch of the economy engaged in the extraction of natural minerals - oil. Oil production is a complex production process that includes geological exploration, well drilling and repair, purification of extracted oil from water, sulfur, paraffin and much more.

Russia has one of the world's largest potential fuel and energy resources. About 13% of the world's proven oil reserves are concentrated on 13% of the Earth's territory, in a country where less than 3% of the world's population lives. Since Russia is rich in oil reserves, there are certain mechanisms for oil production, refining and transportation.

Methods of oil production: fountain (fluid is released due to pressure difference). gas lift installation of an electric centrifugal pump (ECP). EVN installation of an electric screw pump (ESVN) SRP (rod pumps). other.

Flowing method of oil production: Flowing production of wells, as noted above, is one of the most effective ways oil production, especially in new areas.

Advantages of flowing oil production: - simplicity of well equipment; -lack of energy supply to the well from the surface; - the ability to regulate the operating mode of the well within a wide range; -convenience of performing well and reservoir studies using almost all modern methods; -opportunity remote control well; - significant duration of the well's overhaul period (MRP), etc. Diagram of an oil gusher: 1 - packer (oil seal); 2 - fountain fittings; 3 - pipeline for oil outflow to storage; 4 - surface casing (conductor); 5 - cement; 6 - intermediate (technical) casing; 7 - production casing; 8 - pump-compressor string; 9 - extractable fluid.

Gas-lift oil production: With the gas-lift method of operation, the missing energy is supplied from the surface in the form of compressed gas energy through a special channel. Gas lift is divided into two types: compressor and non-compressor. With compressor gas lift, compressors are used to compress associated gas, and with non-compressor gas lift, gas from a gas field under pressure or from other sources is used.

Advantages of gas-lift oil production: simplicity of well equipment and ease of maintenance; -efficient operation of wells with large borehole deviations; -operation of wells in high-temperature formations and with a high gas factor without complications; -possibility of implementing the entire complex research work for monitoring well operation and field development; -full automation and telemechanization of oil production processes; -long between-repair periods of well operation against the backdrop of high reliability of the equipment and the entire system as a whole; - the possibility of simultaneously and separately exploiting two or more layers with reliable control over the process; - ease of combating the deposition of paraffin, salts and corrosion processes; - simplicity of work on underground maintenance of a well, restoring the functionality of underground equipment for lifting well production. The nature of gas lift oil production: Gas lift scheme

ESP (Electric centrifugal pump) is the most widely used apparatus for mechanized oil production in Russia. ESP - centrifugal, submersible pump. The need to operate an ESP in a well imposes restrictions on the diameter of the pump. Most of the centrifugal pumps used for oil production do not exceed 103 mm (5A pump size). At the same time, the length of the ESP assembly can reach 50 m. The main parameters that determine the operating characteristics of the pump are: nominal flow rate or productivity (m3/day) developed pressure at the nominal flow rate (m) pump rotation speed (rpm)

Deep (well) rod pumps (DSP) are the most common type of pumps designed to lift liquid from oil wells. Design features The pumps consist of a solid fixed cylinder with extensions, a movable plunger, discharge and suction valves and a lock. The extensions are screwed onto the cylinder, one on each side. The presence of extensions allows the plunger to be pulled out of the cylinder during pump operation, which prevents deposits on the inner surface of the cylinder, which eliminates jamming of the plunger and creates favorable conditions during repairs. Pump parts under voltage are made of high-alloy steels and alloys, which ensures long-term trouble-free operation pumps The tightness of the fit of the pumps, threaded connections, and the complete interchangeability of all pump parts are ensured by the high precision of their manufacture. In terms of connecting dimensions and threads, all pumps are modified for domestic downhole equipment.

According to analysts at Amoco, the Persian Gulf states contain two-thirds of all world oil reserves. The Persian Gulf states provided 22.8% of all oil imports to the United States in 2001. Oil fields have been explored in Iraq, containing 112.5 billion barrels of oil. According to the B P Statistical Review of World Energy, Iraq has the second largest oil reserves in the world, second only to Saudi Arabia(261.8 billion barrels). Kuwait's reserves are estimated at 98.6 billion barrels, Iran - 89.7, Russia - 48.6. At the same time, the cost of Iraqi and Saudi oil is the lowest in the world.

Topic 1.5. Oil and gas development and production

TOPIC 1.5. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS
Development of hydrocarbon deposits.
Oil and gas production.

Development of an oil or gas field is a set of activities aimed at
ensuring the flow of oil and gas from the reservoir to the bottom
wells providing for this purpose
a certain order of placement of wells on
areas, the order of their drilling and commissioning
operation,
establishment
And
maintaining
a certain mode of their operation.

Operating modes of deposits

Depending on the reservoir source
energy that causes movement
oil along the reservoir to the wells, distinguish
five main operating modes of deposits:
hard water,
elastic-water pressure,
gas pressure,
dissolved gas
gravitational.

Hard pressure mode

At
hard water pressure
mode (Fig. 1 a)
source of energy
is the pressure
edge (or
plantar) waters. Her
stocks constantly
are replenished by
atmospheric precipitation
and sources
superficial
reservoirs.

Elastic-water pressure regime

With elastic water pressure
main mode
reservoir source
energy serve
elastic forces of water,
oil and the rocks themselves,
compressed in the depths under
by the action of the mountain
pressure

Gas pressure mode

With gas pressure
mode (Fig. 1 b)
source of energy
to repress
oil is
gas pressure,
compressed in gas
hat Than her
the larger the size, the
decreases longer
pressure in it.

Dissolved gas mode

When mode
dissolved gas (Fig. 1
c) the main source
reservoir energy is
gas pressure,
dissolved in oil. By
as it decreases
reservoir pressure gas from
dissolved state
goes into free.
Expanding gas bubbles
push oil towards
well bottoms.

Gravity mode

Gravity mode
(Fig. 1 d) takes place in those
cases when the pressure in
oil reservoir has decreased
to atmospheric, and
the oil it contains is not
contains dissolved
gas In this mode
oil flows into the well
under force
gravity, and from there it
pumped out
mechanized
way.

If in oil deposits at the same time
There are various driving forces at work, then
this mode of operation is called
mixed.
When developing gas fields
gravity mode and mode
there are no dissolved gases.

Methods for increasing oil recovery and well productivity.

To increase the effectiveness of natural
Various reservoir operating modes are used
artificial methods of influencing oil
formations and bottomhole zone. They can be separated
into three groups:
methods of maintaining reservoir pressure
(flooding, gas injection into the gas cap
formation);
methods that increase formation permeability and
bottomhole zone (hydrochloric acid treatment
bottomhole formation zone, hydraulic fracturing and
etc.);
methods for enhancing oil and gas recovery
layers

Methods for maintaining reservoir pressure

Artificial maintenance
reservoir pressure is reached
methods:
contour,
peripheral and
in-circuit flooding,
injection of gas into the gas cap of the formation.

Rice. 2 Scheme of edge flooding
Method
contour
flooding
used in development
relatively small
sizes
deposits.
He
consists of pumping water into
reservoir through injection
wells located behind
external
outline
oil potential in the distance
100m
And
more.
Production wells
located inside the contour
oil reserves in parallel
contour.

Method
peripheral
flooding is used on
fields with low
permeability
productive formations in
part filled with water.
That's why
injection
wells are located either
close
contour
oil content,
or
directly on it.

Edge flooding method

Method
peripheral
flooding is used on
fields with low
permeability
productive formations in
part filled with water.
That's why
injection
wells are located either
close
contour
oil content,
or
directly on it.

In-circuit flooding method

In-loop method
flooding is used for
development intensification
oil deposit occupying
significant area.
The essence of this method
lies in artificial
"cutting" the deposit into
separate sections for each
of which something is accomplished
similar to contour
flooding
At the same time, it is artificially created
hard water mode
deposit work.
.

Method of injecting gas into the gas cap of an oil reservoir

To maintain reservoir
pressure apply this
method for maintaining
reservoir pressure In these
petroleum gas is used for
separated from already mined
oil.
As injection pumps
in this case use
spent oil
wells or drilling
special wells.
As can be seen, when gas is pumped into
artificial gas cap
a gas pressure regime is created

Methods that increase the permeability of the formation and bottomhole zone

As the deposit is developed, the influx of oil and gas
into the well gradually decreases. Cause
this is due to the “clogging” of the bottom hole
zones - filling pores with hard and swollen
rock particles, heavy resinous
oil residues, salts falling out of
formation water, paraffin deposits,
hydrates (in gas formations), etc. For
increasing formation permeability and
near-wellbore zone, mechanical ones are used,
chemical and physical methods.

Mechanical methods that increase the permeability of the formation and bottomhole zone

Mechanical methods include
hydraulic
gap
formation
(hydraulic fracturing),
hydrosandblasting
perforation
(GPP)
And
well torpedoing.

a - layer in front
influence;
b - layer after
hydraulic fracturing;
1 - casing pipe;
2 - wellbore;
3 - pump-compressor pipes;
4 - cracks in the rock,
formed after
hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing of the formation (Fig. b) is carried out by pumping into it under
pressure up to 60 MPa of oil, fresh or mineralized water,
petroleum products (fuel oil, kerosene, diesel fuel) and other liquids.
As a result, new rocks are formed or already expanded.
existing cracks. To prevent their subsequent
closing, sand, glass and plastic are added to the liquid
balls, walnut shells.
The use of hydraulic fracturing makes it possible to increase the production rate of oil
wells by 2...3 times.

0.9 mm/s.

It's called torpedoing
impact on the bottomhole formation zone
explosion. To do this, in the well opposite
productive formation is placed
corresponding explosive charge
substances (TNT, hexogen,
nitroglycerin, dynamites) and undermine
his. When a torpedo explodes, it produces
powerful shock wave that travels
through well fluid, reaches
production string walls,
strikes hard and causes
cracking of deposits (salts,
paraffin, etc.). Subsequently, pulsation
gas bubble formed from
explosion products, ensures removal
destroyed sediment from the canals.

Chemical methods that increase the permeability of the formation and near-wellbore zone

TO chemical methods impact on
near-wellbore zone include treatments
acids, surfactants (surfactants), chemicals and
organic solvents.

Hydrosandblasting perforation is the process of creating holes in
production casing walls, cement stone and rock
to communicate the productive formation with the wellbore due to
energy of the sand-liquid stream flowing from the nozzles
special device (perforator). Working fluid with
sand content of 50...200 g/l is pumped into the well at a rate
3...4 l/s. At the exit from the hammer drill nozzles, its speed is
200...260 m/s, and pressure drop - 18...22 MPa. Under these conditions
the perforation speed of the column and rock averages from 0.6 to
0.9 mm/s.

a - layer in front
influence;
c - formation (bottom hole
zone) after acidic
processing.
1 - casing pipe;
2 - wellbore;
5 - breed,
whose permeability
increased as a result
acid treatment
Acid treatments (Fig. c) are carried out with hydrochloric, hydrofluoric,
acetic, sulfuric and carbonic acids. Hydrochloric acid HC18...15%
concentrations dissolve carbonate rocks (limestones, dolomites),
composing productive formations, as well as pollutants introduced into the formation
particles
The calcium chloride CaCl2 and chloride obtained as a result of the reaction
magnesium MgCl2 dissolves well in water and is easily removed along with
well production, forming new voids and channels.

Physical methods that increase the permeability of the formation and near-wellbore zone

TO physical methods impact on the bottomhole zone
include heat treatments and vibration effects.
The purpose of heat treatments is to remove paraffin and
asphalt-resinous substances. To do this, use hot
oil, steam, electric heaters, thermoacoustic
impact, as well as high frequency
electromagnetoacoustic processing.
When subjected to vibration, the near-wellbore zone of the formation
subjected to pulsating pressure treatment.
Due to the presence of liquid in the pores of the rock
of the processed formation, they spread through it as
artificially created vibrations and reflected
waves. By selecting the pressure oscillation frequency, you can
achieve resonance of both types of will, resulting in
disturbances will occur in the porous medium, i.e. will increase
formation permeability.

Methods for enhancing oil recovery and gas recovery of formations

To improve oil recovery they use
the following methods:
displacement of oil with polymer solutions;
injection of carbon dioxide into the reservoir;
injection of surfactant-treated water into the reservoir; "
injection of coolant into the formation;
in-situ combustion;
displacement of oil from a reservoir
solvents.

When pumping water into an oil reservoir,
treated with surfactant, decreases
surface tension at the oil-oil interface
water, which contributes to the fragmentation of globules
oil and the formation of a low-viscosity emulsion
"oil in water" type, for moving
which requires smaller differences
pressure. At the same time, there is a sharp decrease in
surface tension at the oil interface
with the breed, thanks to which it is more fully
is forced out of the pores and washed away
rock surface.

Displacement of oil with polymer solutions,
those. water with artificially high
viscosity, creates conditions for more
uniform advancement of water-oil
contact and enhanced ultimate oil recovery
layer.
Various types of water are used to thicken water.
water-soluble polymers, of which
most wide application found to improve oil recovery
polyacrylamides (IIAA). They're good
dissolve in water and already at concentrations
0.01...0.05% gives it viscoelastic
properties.

When carbon dioxide is pumped into the reservoir,
its dissolution in oil, which is accompanied
a decrease in the viscosity of the latter and co-
a corresponding increase in inflow to
production well
Injection of coolant into the formation (hot
water or steam with temperatures up to 400 °C)
allows you to significantly reduce the viscosity of oil and increase its mobility, promotes
dissolution of precipitated substances in oil
asphaltenes, resins and paraffins.

In-situ combustion method (Fig. 6)
is that after ignition
or otherwise oil at the bottom
injection (incendiary) well in
a moving combustion center is created in the formation
due to constant injection from the surface
air or a mixture of air and natural
gas. Forming ahead of the front
combustion of oil vapor, as well as heated oil with
reduced
viscosity
moving
To
production wells and extracted
through them to the surface.

Rice. 6. Diagram of an in-situ combustion source: 1 injection (incendiary) well; 2 - deep
supercharger; 3 - burnt out part of the formation; 4 - hearth
combustion; 5 - processed part of the formation (movement
oil, gases, water vapor); 6 - operational
well

Operation of oil and gas wells Methods of well operation

All known methods of well operation
are divided into the following groups:
flowing, when oil is extracted from wells
self-outpouring;
using the energy of compressed gas introduced into
well (compressor);
pumping - oil extraction using pumps
various types.
The choice of method for operating oil wells depends
on the magnitude of reservoir pressure and depth
layer.

Fig. 7. Well construction for
flowing oil production
1- production string;
2-pump-compressor
pipes; 3- shoe; 4 - flange;
5- fountain fittings;
6- fitting
The fountain method is used if the reservoir pressure is high. In e
case, oil gushes, rising to the surface through the pump
compressor
pipes
for
check
reservoir
energy.
Conditions
flowing is an excess of reservoir pressure
hydrostatic pressure of the liquid column filling the well.

Fig.8 Well construction for
compressor production
oil
casing pipe; 2-lift
pipe; 3- air pipe.
The compressor method is the method of operating oil wells, etc.
in which the rise of fluid from the formation to the surface is carried out under compression
gas injected into the riser pipe string.

To reduce capital investments there,
where possible, into an oil well
served under pressure without
additional compression of gas from
gas formations. This method is called
non-compressor elevator.

1 - high pressure gas well; 2,4,8 - gas separator;
3 - heat exchanger; 5 - gas distribution battery;
6 - gas lift well; 7 - gas-oil separator;
9 - compressor station
I - high pressure gas from a gas well; II - gas lift products
wells; III - oil; IV - gas low pressure, containing drip
oil; V - low pressure gas, purified from oil; VI - compressed gas in
fishing collection system; VII - high pressure gas after
compressor station

For pump operation
lifting oil from wells to the surface
carried out by rod and
rodless pumps.

In addition to sucker rod and deep-well pumps in
mining practices are widely used and
submersible electric centrifugal pumps.
They are lowered into the well on pumping pipes along with
electric motor, the energy to which
served according to a special, armored
cable attached to the outside
elevator pipes. The figure shows how
wells with
submersible electric centrifugal pump and
a self-flowing well, i.e.
fountain way.

Fig. 11. Production scheme
oil using
sucker rod pump:
1 - suction
valve;
2 - discharge
valve;
3 - rod; 4 - tee;
5 - wellhead seal;
6 - balancer of the rocking machine;
7 - crank mechanism;
8-electric motor;
9-balancer head;
10-pump pipes

Scheme of installation in a submersible well
electric centrifugal pump (ESP)
1 - centrifugal
multistage pump;
2 - submersible
electric motor;
3- rising pipes; 4 check valve; 5 wellhead equipment
For electric motor
armored is used
cable and source
power supply

Submersible screw pumps steel
be applied in practice comparatively
recently. Screw pump is a pump
volumetric action, the supply of which
directly proportional to rotation speed
special screw (or screws). At
rotation, the screw and its cage form
along the entire length there is a series of closed cavities,
which move from the pump intake to
I'll throw him out. Moves with them
pumped liquid.

Collection and preparation of oil and gas for transport.

The following are currently known
harvesting systems:
gravity two-pipe,
high-pressure single-pipe
and pressure.

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of a gravity two-pipe
collection systems:
1.-wells;2-separator;3-pressure regulator “up to
myself"; 4-gas pipeline; 5-2-stage separator; 6-reservoir; 7pump; 8-oil pipeline; UKPN-precinct collection point;
DSP is the central collection point.

Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of a high-pressure
single-pipe collection system:
1- wells; 2- oil and gas pipeline; 3 – separator 1st
steps;
4 – 2nd stage separator; 5 – pressure regulator; 6reservoirs.

Fig.15 Schematic diagram pressure system collection:
1-wells; 2-separator 1st stage; 3-regulator
“up to yourself” type pressure; 4- gas pipeline; 5 – pumps;
6 – oil pipeline; 7 – 2nd stage separator; 8- tank;
BPS - booster pumping station

The system shown in Fig. 16 a, different from
traditional pressure one in that it is still in front of the separator
at the first stage, a demulsifier reagent is introduced into the flow,
destroying water-oil emulsion. This allows
separate the main amount of water from the product
wells at the booster station. At the central assembly point
the integrated oil treatment plant is located
before the second stage separator. This is due to the fact that
oil containing dissolved gas has less
viscosity, which ensures more complete separation of water
from her.
A feature of the circuit shown in Fig. 16 b, is
that the integrated oil treatment plant
moved closer to the wells. DNS, on which
is located UKPN, called complex prefabricated
point.

Fig. 16. Schematic diagrams modern collection systems:
A)
- with the preparation of oil in a gas-saturated state at the central processing plant;
b)
- with the preparation of oil in a gas-saturated state at the CSP;
1-wells; 2-separator 1st stage; 3-pressure regulator of the “toward” type
4- gas pipeline; 5 – pumps;
6 – oil pipeline; 7 – 2nd stage separator; 8- tank; DNS - booster

Slide 1

Oil and gas.

Slide 2

Oil is a complex multicomponent mutually soluble mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons of various chemical structures with the number of carbon atoms up to 100 or more with an admixture of heteroorganic compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and some metals.

Slide 3

The main part of oil consists of three groups of hydrocarbons - alkanes, arenes and naphthenes.

Chemically, oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, divided into two groups - heavy and light oil. Light oil contains approximately two percent less carbon than heavy oil, but correspondingly more hydrogen and oxygen.

Slide 4

Alkanes (hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, paraffins) are the most chemically stable. Their general formula is СnH(2n+2).

Slide 5

Naphthenes include alicyclic hydrocarbons of the composition CnH2n, CnH (2n-2) and CnH (2n-4). Oil contains mainly cyclopentane C5H10, cyclohexane C6H10 and their homologues. Arenas (aromatic hydrocarbons). They are significantly poorer in hydrogen, the carbon/hydrogen ratio in arenes is the highest, much higher than in oil in general.

Slide 6

Oil resources and deposits

World recoverable oil reserves are estimated at 141.3 billion tons. Given current oil production volumes, these reserves will last for 42 years. Of these, 66.4% are located in the countries of the Near and Middle East.

Slide 7

In addition to the carbon part, oil contains an asphalt-resin component, porphyrins, sulfur and an ash part. Non-hydrocarbon components of oil include resins and asphaltenes, which play a very important role in the chemical activity of oil.

Slide 8

It can be added that the geological neighbor of oil, natural gas, is also a substance with a complex composition. Most of all - up to 95% by volume - is methane in this mixture. Ethane, propane, butanes and other alkanes are also present. A more thorough analysis revealed small amounts of helium in natural gas.

Slide 9

The use of natural gas began a long time ago, but at first it was carried out only in places where it naturally comes to the surface. In Dagestan, Azerbaijan, Iran and other eastern regions.

Slide 10

For many centuries, people have used such gifts of nature, but these cases cannot be called industrial development. Only in the mid-19th century did natural gas become a technological fuel, and one of the first examples was glass production, organized on the basis of the Dagestan Ogni deposit.

Slide 11

Application.

Oil and gas are unique and exceptionally useful resources. Their processed products are used in almost all industries, in all types of transport, in military and civil construction, agriculture, energy, in everyday life, etc. A variety of chemical materials are produced from oil and gas, such as plastics, synthetic fibers, rubbers , varnishes, paints, road and construction bitumen, detergents and many others. etc.