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What does the gastrointestinal disease affect? Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: symptoms and treatment

In order to support all life processes, a person needs energy. We take it from food. In order for food to turn into energy and give the body all the necessary substances, there is a gastrointestinal tract. This is where the primary processing, food digestion and disposal of its remnants take place. Needless to say that any diseases of the gastrointestinal intestinal tract can greatly ruin a person's life. It includes many organs and components, and therefore any violation can seriously affect the digestion processes and seriously harm health. It is on the correctness and efficiency of digestion processes that the supply of other organs and systems with the necessary substances depends, therefore, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can result in a variety of problems. In order to understand exactly what problems may arise, it is necessary to understand how the digestive system works, what components it consists of, and what disorders at what stage can cause diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Gastrointestinal tract: organs and structure

The gastrointestinal tract is divided into several sections. Here food is completely processed, saturating the body with useful substances. The first stage of digestion begins in the mouth. Here food is subjected to primary mechanical processing. Teeth, tongue, salivary glands work together to prepare food for the stomach - to grind and moisten it. This stage is very important, during which one should not rush. Folk wisdom states that you need to chew each piece 32 times - according to the number of teeth. There is a rational grain in this, because the more thoroughly the food is crushed, the less the load on the digestive tract organs. From the mouth, food enters the esophagus, which is an intermediate stage between the mouth and the stomach. The main digestive process begins in the stomach. While the food in the mouth was being prepared, the stomach had already produced gastric juice and all the necessary enzymes for its digestion. By contracting, the walls of the stomach grind and grind food, this is where the primary absorption and assimilation begins nutrients... An empty stomach is about 0.5 liters in volume, but it can stretch significantly, increasing in size up to 8 times! The next step in the work of the digestive tract is to move the digested food into the small intestine. The small intestine has 3 sections: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. All parts of the small intestine are covered with the smallest villi, which increase the area of absorption of nutrients. This makes it the main suction organ in the gastrointestinal tract. Numerous studies confirm that if part of the small intestine is removed, the body begins to experience a serious deficiency of nutrients. The colon ends the gastrointestinal tract. This includes the cecum, colon, and rectum. In the large intestine, the absorption of useful components is completed, excess fluid is absorbed, and feces are formed. Through the rectum, they are removed to the outside.

The gastrointestinal tract would not be able to perform its functions without auxiliary organs. Salivary glands, pancreas, liver - without them, the digestion process is impossible. And the actions of all organs are controlled by the brain, endocrine and immune systems. As you can see, the digestion process is incredibly complex, many organs are involved in it. Each stage is important and necessary, so any violation will affect the state of the whole organism as a whole.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are caused by disorders in the functioning of the immune system, which cannot cope with so many harmful factors that it encounters on a daily basis. And if a person has a genetic predisposition multiplied by improper nutrition, tobacco and alcohol abuse, then gastrointestinal diseases will not take long. Let's consider the most common diseases of the digestive system.

Stomatitis is a disease that affects the lining of the mouth. It can be very unpleasant. As a result, the ability to chew food is reduced, which ultimately adversely affects the work of the stomach. The cause of stomatitis is weak immunity.

Esophagitis - occurs when the lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed. This can be caused by alcohol consumption, too rough, poorly chewed food, or burns. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as esophagitis, cause quite severe pain and discomfort. There may be a burning sensation, vomiting, sometimes even mixed with blood.

A huge number of people suffer from heartburn. This condition is associated with an increase in gastric acidity. When part of it rises into the esophagus, there is a burning sensation.

Chronic gastritis is the most common gastrointestinal disease. Previously, it was believed that gastritis is a disease of students and people with a frenzied pace of life, who eat irregularly and incorrectly. Today, it is absolutely certain that the vast majority of gastritis is caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common in the world and speaks volumes about how deplorable the state of the immune system is in most people. Chronic gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining. In fact, this is a disease that can have very serious consequences. At first, the absorption of various nutrients is disturbed, for example, vitamin B12. Deficiency of this vitamin leads to the development of anemia. If gastritis is not treated, its atrophic form may develop, which is considered a precancerous condition.

Chronic duodenitis and chronic colitis are inflammation of the mucous membranes, respectively. duodenum and the large intestine.

These are not all diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. There are much more of them, among them there are very dangerous ones, such as peptic ulcer or pancreatitis. Of course, the ideal option is prevention, which will help prevent gastrointestinal diseases. But how to act if the diseases have already been diagnosed?

Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and Transfer factor

As we have already said, the vast majority of diseases, including diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cause disturbances in the functioning of the immune system. Enemy single-celled organisms, autoimmune processes, infections - all this occurs if immune cells stop working as prescribed. Today, doctors and patients have at their disposal a unique drug that effectively treats gastrointestinal diseases and many other ailments. Immunomodulator Transfer factor is a concentrate of compounds - long chains of amino acids, which in the body of all mammals perform one function - the accumulation and transmission of information from the mother to her children. Receiving this information, immune cells train, learn and begin to clearly understand how they must act in order for the body to be healthy and protected. If you are concerned about any gastrointestinal diseases, take Transfer Factor alone or as part of a combination therapy for the best treatment results.

Pathologies of the digestive system are found in almost every second person, and often begin to develop from childhood. Treatment of such diseases is long-term, because in most cases they turn into chronic form.

Causes of gastrointestinal diseases

Diseases of the stomach and intestines can be detected at any age. There is some regularity in their development: for example, stomach ulcers are more typical for men, gastritis and duodenal ulcers - for women, functional disorders are more common in children.

Disruption of the gastrointestinal tract entails the termination of the normal implementation of its functions:

motor-mechanical(grinding, transporting food);
secretory(production of enzymes, digestion of food);
suction(assimilation of nutrients).

With prolonged exposure to pathogenic factors, deeper changes begin to form - inflammatory, destructive, and sometimes tumor. Experts name the two main causes of stomach diseases in humans - stress and unhealthy diet. The latter reason includes a number of negative aspects:

abuse of crackers, chips, fast food;
overeating and malnutrition;
adherence to strict, hungry diets;
frequent consumption of fatty, fried, spicy foods;
irregularity of food, etc.

Inflammation of the main organ of the gastrointestinal tract - the stomach, as well as the duodenum 12 occurs more often than other diseases that are in the competence of the gastroenterologist. If you carry out diagnostics, chronic gastritis will be detected in 50% of the population. The symptoms of stomach disease are as follows:

If an exacerbation of gastritis develops, all symptoms intensify. The pain can be cutting, severe, sometimes forcing a person to starve. After eating, vomiting appears. Body temperature often rises (up to 37.5 degrees). Eating food can trigger diarrhea. The acidity of the gastric juice increases greatly.

Some people have hyposecretory gastritis, in which the acidity is lowered, and the risk of tumors and polyps is higher.

Duodenitis almost always accompanies gastritis and has the same symptoms, so a person is diagnosed with gastroduodenitis.

Erosive forms of gastritis often develop with small superficial hemorrhages on the mucous membrane. There is also a reflux form of the disease, in which the esophageal valve is weakened, and the contents of the stomach are thrown into the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Stomach ulcer and its consequences

Peptic ulcer is one of the most unpleasant dangerous diseases in gastroenterology. Gradual or rapid destruction of mucosal cells in the background high acidity causes defects. They are single, multiple.

Usually, a stomach ulcer is characteristic of the elderly, the defeat of the duodenum is found in young people, especially with frequent stress. Almost all patients have Helicobacter Pylori bacteria.

The symptoms of the pathology are very unpleasant. Here are the main ones:

severe nausea, vomiting;
blood in the vomit;
dark feces (with blood);
sour belching;
cutting pain after eating;
discomfort under the ribs;
weight loss;
lack of appetite.

The most dangerous complications of the ulcer. If it is not treated in time, severe bleeding is possible. The stool turns black or large blood clots appear in the vomit. Hemoglobin drops rapidly. Treatment can be both therapeutic (administration of liquid fibrinogen, taking antisecretory drugs, cold to the epigastric region), and surgical.

Even more severe is the perforation of the ulcer, which causes dagger pain, pallor, fainting. Within a few hours, the pathology turns into peritonitis, which threatens a person with a fatal outcome.

Tumor pathologies of the stomach

Oncology of the stomach occurs quite often, mainly in persons over 55 years of age. Stomach cancer can be localized in any part, in 80% of people it gives metastases to the liver, pancreas, and intestines.

The reasons can be:

immunodeficiencies;
smoking;
work in hazardous production.

There are also precancerous diseases - ulcers, hyposecretory gastritis, in the presence of which you need to undergo regular examinations.

Benign tumors of the gastrointestinal tract - polyps - are also not always harmless, some of them are transformed into cancerous ones.

Cancer symptoms become noticeable only at the stage when the tumor is large. The person begins to lose weight, weakness, malaise, pallor, loss of appetite are observed.

Gustatory preferences change, and the nature of the pain also becomes different, if it was present before. Heartburn and nausea are prolonged, not amenable to stopping drugs.

Sometimes adenocarcinoma of the stomach occurs. This type of tumor appears from the abundance of nitrates in the diet and damage to the gastrointestinal tract with harmful vapors, chemicals. Adenocarcinoma, even at an early stage, gives nausea, heaviness in the stomach, bloating after eating, vomiting. Treatment of cancerous tumors is surgical; radiation and chemotherapy are also used.

Other stomach diseases

Among the diseases of the stomach, the hernia of the esophageal opening of the diaphragm replenishes the list of diseases. It is detected mainly at 40-70 years old, more often in women. Up to half of the cases do not give symptoms, the rest are combined with gastritis, stomach ulcers, cholecystitis.

Hernias are caused by weakening of the ligaments of the esophageal opening in the diaphragm. Risk factors include chronic constipation, hard work, repeated pregnancies, and chronic lung disease. Symptoms are similar to those for gastritis, reflux disease.

Diseases of the operated stomach are divided into a separate group:

Complications of the operation... This is a trauma to nerve endings, a violation of the movement of food, bleeding, divergence of seams.
Recurrence of the disease... Usually we are talking about an ulcer or tumor.

Other pathologies of the stomach are less common. Here is a list of diseases that are diagnosed in patients.

Almost all of these conditions are accompanied by belching and heartburn. Many of them are accompanied by indigestion, diarrhea and constipation.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children

V childhood most disorders of the digestive system are functional in nature. Without proper treatment and with improper diet to school age they are chronized.

Only congenital problems can give serious deviations. For example, a paraesophageal hernia is associated with a shortening of the esophagus and requires surgery.

In children, pathologies of the valves of the stomach are often found, which, in combination with an improper diet, causes the development of gastritis, duodenitis.

Stomach disorders in babies can occur when consuming low-quality food, food allergies, poisoning, infectious diseases. They are accompanied by pain, bloating and colic, belching. When diagnosing, violations are most often found in all digestive organs:

With proper treatment, adherence to a diet, it is possible to restore the child's health. Treatment will be similar to the treatment of stomach diseases in adults.

How to identify the disease by symptoms?

The course of all pathologies is acute, chronic. In the first case, they become the result of poisoning or damage by infectious particles. The chronic form develops as a result of the long-term influence of negative factors. The symptomatology of all chronic stomach problems is similar, therefore, an accurate diagnosis is made only after FGS, ultrasound of the peritoneal organs, biochemical blood test (gastroprofile).

The main signs of stomach diseases are as follows:

When there are pains in the navel area, it is - intestinal colic, pain in the left hypochondrium is a sign of pancreatitis. Pains on the right are inherent in inflammation and other diseases of the liver.

Treating stomach problems

You need to eat boiled, stewed, steamed food, dairy dishes, vegetables and fruits (after heat treatment), fish, cottage cheese, cereals. You should stop smoking, alcohol.

Of the drugs used:

antisecretory agents (Omez, Nolpaza);
antacids (Almagel, Maalox);
drugs to improve motility (Trimedat);
antispasmodics (Buscopan).

Many also need enzymes (Pancreatin) and anti-nausea drugs (Motilium), as well as probiotics, prebiotics. An integrated approach will allow you to quickly recover, and the correct lifestyle will prevent exacerbations.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) are among the most common human diseases. They are found in all age groups, both men and women. Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract can be acute or chronic. The widespread occurrence of such diseases is associated with nutritional disorders of a modern person, frequent stress, and poor environmental conditions.

Symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are varied and depend on the location of the pathological process. Analysis of the symptoms accompanying the disease allows the doctor to diagnose the disease and determine the nature of the treatment.

Main symptoms

Let's consider the most common symptoms of diseases of the digestive system.

Vomit

Rejection of stomach contents it is usually a defense reaction of the body, which is trying to cleanse itself of the destructive effects of toxins. Among the main causes of vomiting in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are:

poisoning;
acute gastritis - vomiting occurs immediately after eating;
peptic ulcer - vomit may contain blood and mucus;
hemorrhage of the vessels of the stomach or esophagus - the presence of blood in the vomit;
intestinal obstruction - vomiting is fetid, accompanied by pain in the abdomen;
pancreatitis - vomiting occurs after eating, accompanied by spasms.

Nausea and vomiting - frequent companions of toxicosis on early dates pregnancy... Unlike poisoning, vomiting during pregnancy is not accompanied by diarrhea, cramps and abdominal pain.

Diarrhea (diarrhea)

Most often, diarrhea occurs with intestinal dysbiosis, acute intestinal infections, chronic diseases of the digestive system. With dysentery and salmonellosis, an admixture of blood and mucus is observed in the feces. Diarrhea can become a permanent symptom of inflammation of the small and large intestines, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Diarrhea leads to severe dehydration, which is especially dangerous for the elderly and children.

Pain

Pain sensations with pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract can be of varying degrees of intensity and be of a different nature. Constant aching pains in the stomach are characteristic of chronic gastritis. With an ulcer, the pain is more intense, usually as a reaction to food intake. Intense sharp and stabbing pains may indicate gallstone disease. Important! When diagnosing, attention is paid to the location of the pain. Discomfort in the navel is a signal of intestinal malfunction, hepatitis causes pain in the right side, and inflammation of the large intestine in the left. Diseases of the pancreas are characterized by acute pain in the left hypochondrium. Kidney pathologies cause acute paroxysmal pain. Very severe pain radiating to the right arm, shoulder and right collarbone is one of the main symptoms of inflammation of the gallbladder wall. Pain in the liver area may not be strong, aching in nature. Often sick long time ignore such pain, considering it a manifestation of fatigue or tension. With liver diseases, jaundice, itching of the skin, and an increase in the size of the abdomen occur.

Constipation

Constipation is a lack of bowel movements more than three days... It can occur with the following diseases:

irritable bowel syndrome;
Hirschsprung's disease;
paraproctitis;
dysbiosis;
peptic ulcer diseases;
chronic pancreatitis.

Nausea

An unpleasant sensation in the epigastric region is accompanied by weakness, increased salivation, pallor of the skin, and often precedes vomiting. This is one of the most common signs of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract... The symptom is typical for:

intestinal obstruction;
gastritis, peptic ulcer;
intestinal inflammation;
infectious diseases(for example, helminthiasis);
hepatitis, liver cirrhosis;
the presence of a foreign body in the stomach or intestines;
food poisoning.

Nausea and vomiting may be side effects while taking certain medications.

Colic

Flatulence

Bloating occurs as a result of impaired motor function of the gastrointestinal tract. A feeling of heaviness occurs with pancreatitis, colitis, peritonitis, adhesions and tumors, Crohn's disease, liver cirrhosis, dysbiosis, cholecystitis. Flatulence in infants often indicates intolerance to certain nutrients (lactose, maltose).

Belching

Belching with air occurs with intense swallowing of air when eating. The sour, bitter and even putrid taste of belching is a signal of increased production of pancreatic juice, excess bile and stagnation in the stomach. Belching indicates a malfunction of the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, small and large intestines.

Heartburn

Feeling of discomfort and burning in the stomach, which occurs after eating spicy and abundant food. Heartburn and sour belching are symptoms of gastritis, gastric ulcer, inflammation of the duodenum, cholecystitis. Heartburn is common in obese people because the pressure of excess fat in the abdomen forces the stomach contents into the stomach.

Heat

An increase in body temperature, not accompanied by other signs of a cold, may indicate intestinal infections, liver and kidney tumors, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis. In addition to the main symptoms, there are also other characteristic signs digestive system lesions:

unpleasant taste in the mouth;
stool disorders (alternating diarrhea and constipation);
prolonged lack of appetite;
drastic weight loss;
constant thirst;
white coating on the tongue;
itching of the anus;
painful urge to defecate;
rumbling in the stomach;
swallowing disorders;
dizziness, general weakness.

Each of these symptoms, while not critical, leads to a constant feeling of discomfort and the inability to lead a fulfilling lifestyle.

If you ignore the disease, the disease can worsen or become chronic.

Treatment

In case of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to consult a therapist or gastroenterologist. Patients are always recommended strict adherence to the diet, eating in small portions 5-6 times a day, giving up bad habits. Medication is prescribed depending on the symptoms of the disease. To relieve pain, antispasmodics are prescribed (Papaverine, Drotaverin). Laxatives (Duphalac, Guttalax) are indicated to normalize the stool. Motilium, Cerucal will help to eliminate nausea and vomiting, and antibacterial drugs will help to remove signs of inflammation.

If the disease is complicated by diarrhea, adsorbents are used (Dysmectitis, Activated carbon). Preparations Linex, Espumisan will relieve excessive gas formation and belching.

ethnoscience

Folk remedies are a good alternative to drug treatment. They are generally effective in the early stages of the disease. To relieve cramping pains, flatulence, nausea, they drink decoctions of chamomile inflorescences, mint leaves, fennel fruits, calamus rhizomes, valerian. A well-known folk treatment for constipation is the aloe plant. Aloe leaves over 2 years old are crushed and mixed with warmed honey. After insisting, take several times a day before meals. For chronic constipation, a mixture of dried fruits helps: dried apricots, figs, prunes. Vegetable juices(cabbage, potato) relieve pain and heartburn with gastritis and stomach ulcers. Decoctions of peppermint, dill seeds, lemon balm will help eliminate nausea and vomiting. You can get rid of vomiting with viburnum or blueberry juice. For abdominal pain effective way is rice water. If desired, you can add honey to it. The rice infusion acts as a soothing agent for inflamed mucous membranes. If the pain is accompanied by increased gas formation, they drink ginger or mint teas. Astringent plants are used to relieve diarrhea. For this, decoctions are prepared from the bark of oak, St. John's wort and immortelle. Infusions of wormwood, sorrel root, rose hips are effective.

Surgical intervention

In some cases, for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, surgical intervention is required.

It is performed when:

severe cases of damage to the mucous membrane of the esophagus;
acute appendicitis;
elimination of intestinal obstruction in Crohn's disease;
complications of stomach ulcers;
malignant neoplasms;
secondary peritonitis;
gastric bleeding with gastritis.

Disease prevention plays an important role. A healthy lifestyle based on rational nutrition, psychological comfort, rejection of bad habits, the fight against excess weight.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are very common. Every adult has more than once encountered such manifestations of them as heaviness in the stomach, pain, indigestion. Most often, doctors diagnose gastritis, esophagitis, enteritis, less often - hiatal hernia, Barrett's esophagus, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Table of contents [Show]

Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammatory process localized on the gastric mucosa, which occurs against the background of poor nutrition, smoking, drug and alcohol abuse. All these factors contribute to the thinning of the upper layer of cells of the walls of the stomach, as a result, small erosions and ulcers are formed on them under the influence of hydrochloric acid, which is part of the gastric juice. It is known that another common cause of gastritis is the ingestion of a microorganism - Helicobacter pylori - into the human stomach. However, its role in the development of peptic ulcer and stomach cancer has not been fully established.

Acute gastritis is manifested by pain and heaviness in the epigastric region, nausea, sometimes vomiting and dizziness. In some cases, gastritis occurs without pronounced symptoms. At the same time, a person may be disturbed by minor abdominal pain, heaviness and bloating a few minutes after eating. Sometimes there is heartburn and belching with unpleasant odor... At the same time, the mucous membrane of the stomach remains inflamed, erosion grows on it and can capture its deeper layers, which gradually leads to the appearance of an ulcer. Chronic gastritis proceeds without any symptoms, reminding of itself by periods of exacerbations associated with a deterioration in the quality of nutrition, frequent stress, etc. The basis of treatment in this case is diet. If, during the diagnosis of the disease, it is established that bacteria are the cause of its occurrence, the patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics. With severe pain in the stomach, the use of drugs that relieve spasms and eliminate pain is also indicated.

Reflux esophagitis

Reflux esophagitis is an inflammation of the walls of the esophagus that occurs as a result of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, the throwing of stomach contents into it, physical damage (for example, in the case of an EGDS procedure). In some cases, the disease progresses without any noticeable symptoms. Their manifestation in one case or another depends on the degree of damage to the organ. A severe form of esophagitis occurs with impaired swallowing function, increased salivation, frequent burning pains in the chest, heartburn and belching. The extreme state of the disease is vomiting with blood impurities. When it appears, you should immediately call an ambulance. The chronic form of esophagitis is accompanied by frequent heartburn, which worsens after eating and drinking carbonated water, sour belching, mild chest pain. In the acute form of the disease, treatment with antacids and drugs enveloping the mucous membrane of the esophagus is prescribed. Rapid healing of damage to the esophagus is facilitated by a two-day refusal to eat. On these days, it is recommended to use only low-fat light broths, liquid cereals, and dairy products. Chronic esophagitis is treated with drugs that increase the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter and reduce the acidity of the stomach. In each case, a therapeutic diet is prescribed.

Enteritis

Enteritis is an inflammatory process localized in the walls of the small intestine. The cause of such inflammation can be: intoxication of the body, ingestion of protozoa, viruses, bacteria and helminths into the intestines, irritation of its walls by various chemicals... The risk group includes people with bad habits, autoimmune diseases, diseases of the digestive system, who underwent surgical interventions on the epigastric region. Symptoms of acute enteritis are: sudden pain in the lower abdomen, upset stools, vomiting, pallor of the skin, bloating and rumbling of the abdomen. In some patients, an increase in temperature is observed. In the case of a chronic course of the disease, there may be: flatulence, minor abdominal pain, frequent diarrhea. Stool with chronic enteritis, as a rule, is constantly disturbed. It may contain undigested food residues. Disruption of the intestines leads to depletion of the body, lack of nutrients, minerals, proteins. Against this background, there is a sharp loss of body weight, dystrophy may develop. In case of acute enteritis, the patient is placed in a hospital, he is prescribed a diet, drinking plenty of fluids, vitamins and anti-inflammatory drugs. Chronic inflammation of the intestinal walls also requires adherence to a diet, refusal of everything fatty, spicy and fried. As a prophylaxis of exacerbations of the disease, enveloping, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic drugs can be prescribed.

Hiatal hernia

Hiatal hernia is a chronic pathology, expressed by the displacement of the lower esophagus into the chest area through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm. This disease can be inherited, and also occur during life against the background of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, some operations on this area, weakening of the muscles of the esophagus or aging. Hiatal hernia in almost all cases is accompanied by reflux - the throwing of stomach contents into the esophagus. This is due to the appearance of symptoms such as belching, heartburn, cramps, abdominal pain, bloating, and increased gas production. The appearance of some signs (vomiting blood, difficulty breathing and swallowing food, severe pain in the center of the abdomen) indicates the development of complications and requires seeking medical help. Complete elimination of the disease is possible only by surgical removal of the hernia. This treatment is indicated in case of frequent pain, heartburn, as well as in the presence of complications. In other cases, the specialist prescribes adherence to a special diet, minor rare pains can be stopped with anesthetic drugs.

Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus is referred to in the case of replacement of healthy tissue of the esophagus with squamous epithelium. This pathology occurs against the background of the development of gastroesophageal reflux and can become the main cause of the formation of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Its main symptom - heartburn - is characteristic of all diseases of the digestive system. You can find out about the presence of this particular disease by going through a complete examination of the esophagus. In most cases, a biopsy of his tissue will be needed. The goal of treatment is to prevent the development of pathology and its transformation into a cancerous tumor. Drugs prescribed for Barrett's esophagus include proton pump inhibitors, antacids. Significant changes in the cells of the organ require surgical intervention. Precancerous tissue can be removed with a surgeon's scalpel or laser. Timely treatment of gastroesophageal reflux avoids complications such as Barrett's esophagus, and, accordingly, its transformation into a life-threatening disease.

Ulcer

An ulcer is a chronic disease in the course of which defects of various sizes appear on the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum, gradually progress and capture the deep tissues of the organ. A peptic ulcer often develops against the background of an existing gastritis, malnutrition, stress, medication, etc. The course of the disease in some cases is asymptomatic, in some cases with periods of exacerbation from one to three times a year. The main symptom of a peptic ulcer is prolonged dull pain in the stomach, frequent heartburn, and intolerance to fatty foods. The painful sensations can last for several years. In the absence of due attention to this symptom, the ulcer perforates, that is, its rupture. This condition requires immediate surgery. The goal of treating the disease is to eliminate the existing defects of the mucous membrane. This is achieved with the help of antibiotics, coating, anti-inflammatory drugs, medicines reducing the acidity of the stomach. Individuals who often face symptoms of peptic ulcer disease are advised to be attentive to their diet, to quit smoking and drinking alcohol.

Medical statistics notes that in recent decades, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract have taken the leading place in the list of diseases. Experts confirm that the majority of urban residents, to one degree or another, suffer from eating disorders.

The modern rhythm of life, saturated with constant stress, poor ecology, improper and irrational nutrition lead to the fact that by the age of 30, every fourth person has one of the gastrointestinal diseases in his anamnesis. Which of them are the most common, what is the cause of pathological conditions and how to deal with diseases of the digestive tract?

More about the human digestive tract

Everyone knows that a person cannot live without food, with it he receives proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and microelements necessary for the vital activity of the body. They are the source of energy and the main building material for new cells. And it helps to get this energy from the incoming products of the human gastrointestinal tract.

The main function of the digestive system is motor-mechanical, which ensures the breakdown of food, its movement through the intestines and its removal from the body.
The secretory function is responsible for the production of enzymes, bile and gastric juices necessary for proper and complete digestion.
The absorption function helps the body absorb fluids and essential nutrients.

The digestive system itself consists of the following main sections: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach. This is followed by the lower sections: small and large intestine, rectum. Each of these departments performs a specific function of processing and assimilating incoming food.

Under the influence of unfavorable factors, malfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract occur, leading to various diseases. What are the most common causes of disease?

The causes of intestinal diseases

Diseases of the digestive system can be triggered by the following factors:

The list of unfavorable factors is quite extensive and the risk of developing pathology of the digestive system is great for each person. Therefore, with special attention you should treat the slightest signs of trouble in order to avoid the development of serious and dangerous diseases. What symptoms should you look out for?

Intestinal symptoms

The main symptoms of intestinal diseases are known to many. But the nature of the manifestations in each case is individual, and the severity of the symptoms depends on the affected organ and the stage of the disease.

Stomach ache- most frequent symptom diseases of the digestive tract. They can occur with gastric ulcer, intestinal or hepatic colic, be aching or cramping in nature and radiate to various parts of the body. With a perforated ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, when the peritoneum and its nerve endings are involved in the pathological process, constant sharp pains with clear localization appear. Severe pain syndrome accompanies acute appendicitis, strangulated hernia and other pathologies.
Belching. The appearance of repeated belching indicates functional stomach disorders and is most often associated with a decrease in the tone of the cardiac sphincter or gas entering the esophagus. Belching with the smell of rotten eggs indicates a pathological retention of food masses in the stomach, and belching with air or acidic contents of the stomach indicates a violation of the digestive process.
Heartburn. Feels like a burning sensation in the lower part of the esophagus, and is associated with the throwing of stomach contents into it. Usually, the appearance of this symptom does not depend on the level of acidity of the stomach, but indicates its organic damage and excessive secretion. With a peptic ulcer, heartburn may be accompanied by painful sensations, and its intensification in the supine position indicates the formation of a diaphragmatic hernia.
Nausea and vomiting... Most often, these manifestations occur in chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Constant mild nausea can be a sign of chronic hypoacid gastritis. The appearance of such a formidable symptom as bloody vomiting will indicate an ulcer or stomach cancer.
Flatulence, bloating... It develops in cases when the diet is dominated by foods containing coarse fiber (cabbage, legumes, black bread) and forming a large amount of gases during digestion. In addition, flatulence is accompanied by such pathological conditions as secretory pancreatic insufficiency, dysbiosis, intestinal obstruction.

In addition to these basic symptoms, there are a number of characteristic signs that indicate damage to the digestive system:

Discomfort, a feeling of fullness and heaviness in the abdomen for a long time
Bitterness, in the mouth, lack of appetite, or aversion to food (especially meat)
Bad breath, appearance white bloom in the language
Increased salivation or constant thirst
Prolonged upset stool with alternating diarrhea and constipation
The emergence bloody discharge from the rectum
A sharp decrease in body weight
Manifestations of anemia (weakness, pallor, dizziness)

Most of these symptoms do not pose a great danger, but they significantly reduce the patient's quality of life and affect his performance. If you ignore the symptoms and seek medical help late, diseases of the digestive system become chronic, and their exacerbation can have serious consequences for the patient.

Classification of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

All diseases of the digestive tract by their nature of origin are divided into two large groups:

Infectious
Non-infectious

According to the localization of the pathological process, diseases of the following organs are distinguished:

Stomach
Esophagus
Intestine (small and thick)
Biliary tract
Liver

In addition, gastrointestinal diseases are acquired and hereditary, acute and chronic.

Acute intestinal diseases mainly have a bacterial-infectious nature and develop against the background of poisoning, allergic reactions or some pathological conditions (viral hepatitis, esophagitis).

Chronic inflammatory processes, such as gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, develop against the background of prolonged disturbance of the diet, the use of low-quality and harmful products... Moreover, such chronic diseases rarely occur in isolation, in most cases the entire digestive tract is involved in the inflammatory process. Let us consider in more detail the most common pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.

A short list of the most common gastrointestinal diseases:

Gastritis of various etiologies... The most common pathology in which the mucous membrane of the stomach walls is damaged. It occurs as a result of exposure to a specific bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Along with this, provoking factors are alcoholism, smoking, stress, and dietary errors.
Colitis. The disease is inflammatory, localized in the mucous membrane of the large intestine. It occurs against the background of a bacterial infection, pathogenic bacteria (staphylococci, Escherichia coli, streptococci) can provoke the disease. Ulcerative colitis (NUC) affects the intestines and is manifested by characteristic ulceration of the organ mucosa. Such ulcerative lesions can cause serious complications: intestinal bleeding and obstruction, peritonitis, malignant tumors.
Viral hepatitis... A group of dangerous infectious diseases caused by various viruses and affecting the liver.
Cirrhosis of the liver. A deadly chronic disease characterized by large-scale damage to liver cells.
Stomach and duodenal ulcer... When organs are damaged, the integrity of the tissues is disrupted, an ulcer is formed, as a result of the pathological process, life-threatening complications can develop.
Dysbacteriosis. A condition in which there is a change in the normal composition of the intestinal microflora, resulting in disturbances in the functioning of the digestive system.
Cholecystitis... An inflammatory disease, in which the gallbladder is affected, and characteristic symptoms occur: pain, nausea, bitterness in the mouth, defecation disorders, dyspeptic symptoms.
Pancreatitis... Inflammatory disease of the pancreas, accompanied by pain, indigestion, nausea, vomiting and other characteristic manifestations.
Cystitis. A common disease resulting from inflammation of the mucous membrane Bladder... Basically, this pathology affects the fairer sex.
Haemorrhoids. An inflammatory disease associated with pathological expansion of the veins of the rectum and the formation of painful hemorrhoids.
Appendicitis. An inflammatory process that affects the appendix of the cecum. The symptoms of the disease depend on the form in which the pathology manifests itself: acute or chronic.

The list of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is quite extensive and the above ailments make up only a small part of them. Treatment of intestinal diseases requires a competent approach, correct and timely diagnosis and timely access to a doctor when unsuccessful symptoms appear.

Diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Methods of physical and instrumental examination are used to diagnose diseases of the digestive system.

Physical examination

To begin with, the doctor will interview the patient, collect anamnesis, ask about complaints, health, diet, heredity, and the presence of chronic diseases. Then he will begin to examine the patient using diagnostic methods such as palpation, auscultation and percussion.

Palpation implies probing internal organs through the abdominal cavity. The method is based on tactile sensations and allows the fingers to explore the position of organs, their shape, consistency, mobility and soreness.
Auscultation Is listening to internal organs with a phonendoscope or stethoscope.
Percussion- a method that allows you to determine the physical condition and topography of internal organs by tapping on various parts of the body.

Instrumental examination

At the heart of many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is a violation of the secretion and motor activity of various parts of the digestive tract. Therefore, in the first place are methods for studying the acidity of gastric juice, such as intragastric, daily and endoscopic pH-metry.

Methods of manometry and gastrography are used to study gastrointestinal motility. In order to visually inspect the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, endoscopic methods are used.

If it is necessary to examine the internal organ as a whole in order to identify pathological flaws, use the methods of fluoroscopy, laparoscopy, MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography) and ultrasound (ultrasound). In some cases, diagnostics are carried out using radioactive substances (scintigraphy).

In addition, laboratory diagnostic methods are used, histological examination of tissue samples taken by biopsy is carried out, cytological and microbiological studies are carried out.

Treatment of intestinal diseases

Therapy for intestinal diseases begins after a thorough examination and clarification of the diagnosis. The course of treatment will depend on the specific disease, the stage of its development, the general condition and well-being of the patient. In most cases, methods of conservative drug therapy are used. In a number of acute cases, there is a need for surgical intervention.

A therapist or gastroenterologist deals with the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. If any adverse symptoms associated with the digestive system occur, it is important to seek medical help and diagnosis in a timely manner. It is unacceptable to self-medicate and postpone a visit to the doctor, this can result in serious complications or conditions that threaten the patient's life.

Treatment tactics in everyone specific case will be selected individually, based on the results of the survey. In combination with drug therapy, many use folk remedies: decoctions and infusions medicinal plants... They give a good therapeutic effect, but they can be used only after consultation with the attending physician and under his supervision.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of diseases of the digestive system in children. This is facilitated by many factors:

bad ecology,
unbalanced diet,
heredity.

Great harm to the child's body is caused by the sweets and confectionery products so beloved by many with a high content of preservatives and artificial colors, fast food, carbonated drinks. The role of allergic reactions, neuropsychic factors, neuroses is increasing. Doctors note that intestinal diseases in children have two age peaks: at 5-6 years old and at 9-11 years old. The main pathological conditions are:

Constipation, diarrhea
Chronic and acute gastritis and gastroenteritis
Chronic duodenitis
Chronic enterocolitis
Peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer
Chronic cholecystitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Diseases of the biliary tract
Chronic and acute hepatitis

Of great importance in the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal diseases is the insufficient ability of the child's body to resist infections, since the child's immunity is still weak. The formation of immunity is greatly influenced by proper feeding in the first months of life.

The best option is breast milk, with which protective bodies are passed from mother to child, increasing the ability to resist various infections. Children fed with artificial formula are more likely to be susceptible to various diseases and have a weakened immune system. Irregular feeding or overfeeding of the child, early introduction of complementary foods, non-compliance with hygiene standards can become the cause of disturbances in the work of the digestive system.

A separate group is constituted by acute intestinal diseases in children (dysentery, salmonellosis). Their main clinical manifestations are dyspeptic disorders, dehydration (dehydration) of the body and symptoms of intoxication. Such manifestations are very dangerous and require immediate hospitalization of the sick child.

Intestinal infections are especially often diagnosed in childhood, this is due to imperfect defense mechanisms, physiological features of the digestive system and the lack of sanitary and hygienic skills in children. Children are especially affected by acute intestinal infections. early age and can lead to a significant decrease in immunity, delay in physical development, and the addition of complications.

Their onset is accompanied by characteristic signs: a sharp rise in temperature, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite. The child becomes restless, or, on the contrary, lethargic and inhibited. Clinical picture largely depends on which parts of the intestine are affected. In any case, the child needs emergency medical care and antibiotic therapy.

A pediatric gastroenterologist deals with the treatment of diseases of the digestive system in babies, it is he who should be contacted when unsuccessful symptoms appear.

Diet and nutritional habits for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are so different that it is impossible to give any specific recommendations suitable for all patients without exception. Correction of the diet in each case is made by the doctor individually, taking into account all the characteristics of the patient and his diagnosis. We can only consider principles healthy eating, which should be observed by all patients suffering from pathologies of the digestive system.

Diet for intestinal diseases assumes fractional nutrition, in small portions, this allows you not to overload the stomach and prevent overeating. You need to eat 5-6 times a day, preferably at the same time. Be sure to observe the drinking regime. On the day, the patient should drink 1.5-2 liters of liquid and the form of water, juices, compotes, weak tea (preferably herbal or green). Carbonated drinks are excluded.

Food should be as gentle as possible, not irritating the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. It is preferable to use:

porridge cooked in water,
low-fat meat and fish broths,
omelets,
mashed potatoes,
souffle.

It is better to cook meat in the form of cutlets, meatballs, dumplings. All products are best boiled, baked or steamed; fried foods should be discarded. Observe the temperature regime when serving ready meals. Do not eat food that is too hot or cold. Dishes should be served warm.

Vegetables are best boiled or mashed, fruits can be grated or baked ( baked apples). Vegetables with coarse fiber, which cause fermentation in the stomach and excessive gas formation, are not recommended to be consumed. These are cabbage, all types of legumes, radishes, corn, radishes, turnips.

You should limit or minimize the use of flour and confectionery products, sweets, strong coffee, tea, and stay away from fast food. It is strictly forbidden to consume alcohol, fatty, fried, salty, spicy, pickled food. It is better to exclude from the diet:

seasonings,
sauces,
semi-finished products,
canned food and all other foods containing artificial colors and preservatives.

Food should be fresh, easy to digest and contribute to the normalization of the digestive tract. The less refined food is in the diet, and the more foods containing fiber and dietary fiber, the better the digestive system will work.

Prevention

The prevention of intestinal diseases primarily includes measures to ensure a balanced and healthy diet. Observe personal hygiene and sanitary requirements when preparing food. This will protect yourself from foodborne infections.

Eat more fruits and vegetables, choose the right methods of thermal processing of products (cooking, stewing). Eat fractionally, do not overeat, give up snacks on the go and fast food. The diet should be balanced and varied, with the correct ratio of nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins).

Try to move more, lead an active lifestyle, play sports, walk more, do what you can. physical exercises, run, swim.

Fight stress and psychological stress, for this you can take natural sedatives (motherwort, valerian).

If you experience any adverse symptoms associated with the work of the digestive tract, seek medical attention in a timely manner, do not self-medicate. This is the only way to avoid the transition of the disease to the chronic stage and achieve recovery.

Main symptoms

Let's consider the most common symptoms of diseases of the digestive system.

Vomit

The rejection of stomach contents is usually a defense reaction of the body, which is trying to cleanse itself of the destructive effects of toxins. Among the main causes of vomiting in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are:

poisoning;
acute gastritis - vomiting occurs immediately after eating;
peptic ulcer - vomit may contain blood and mucus;
hemorrhage of the vessels of the stomach or esophagus - the presence of blood in the vomit;
intestinal obstruction - vomiting is fetid, accompanied by pain in the abdomen;
pancreatitis - vomiting occurs after eating, accompanied by spasms.

Nausea and vomiting are frequent companions of toxicosis in early pregnancy. Unlike poisoning, vomiting during pregnancy is not accompanied by diarrhea, cramps and abdominal pain.

Diarrhea (diarrhea)

Most often, diarrhea occurs with intestinal dysbiosis, acute intestinal infections, chronic diseases of the digestive system. With dysentery and salmonellosis, an admixture of blood and mucus is observed in the feces. Diarrhea can become a permanent symptom of inflammation of the small and large intestines, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Diarrhea leads to severe dehydration, which is especially dangerous for the elderly and children.

Pain

Important! When diagnosing, attention is paid to the location of the pain. Discomfort in the navel is a signal of intestinal malfunction, hepatitis causes pain in the right side, and inflammation of the large intestine in the left.

Diseases of the pancreas are characterized by acute pain in the left hypochondrium. Kidney pathologies cause acute paroxysmal pain. Very severe pain radiating to the right arm, shoulder and right collarbone is one of the main symptoms of inflammation of the gallbladder wall.

Pain in the liver area may not be strong, aching in nature. Often, patients ignore such pain for a long time, considering it a manifestation of fatigue or tension. With liver diseases, jaundice, itching of the skin, and an increase in the size of the abdomen occur.

Constipation

Constipation is not having a bowel movement for more than three days. It can occur with the following diseases:

irritable bowel syndrome;
Hirschsprung's disease;
paraproctitis;
dysbiosis;
peptic ulcer diseases;
chronic pancreatitis.

Nausea

An unpleasant sensation in the epigastric region is accompanied by weakness, increased salivation, pallor of the skin, and often precedes vomiting. This is one of the most common signs of gastrointestinal diseases.

The symptom is typical for:

intestinal obstruction;
gastritis, peptic ulcer;
intestinal inflammation;
infectious diseases (for example, helminthiasis);
hepatitis, liver cirrhosis;
the presence of a foreign body in the stomach or intestines;
food poisoning.

Nausea and vomiting can be side effects with certain medications.

Colic

Flatulence

Flatulence in infants often indicates intolerance to certain nutrients (lactose, maltose).

Belching

Heartburn

Heartburn is common in obese people because the pressure of excess fat in the abdomen forces the stomach contents into the stomach.

Heat

An increase in body temperature, not accompanied by other signs of a cold, may indicate intestinal infections, liver and kidney tumors, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis.

In addition to the main symptoms, other characteristic signs of damage to the digestive system are also distinguished:

unpleasant taste in the mouth;
stool disorders (alternating diarrhea and constipation);
prolonged lack of appetite;
drastic weight loss;
constant thirst;
white coating on the tongue;
itching of the anus;
painful urge to defecate;
rumbling in the stomach;
swallowing disorders;
dizziness, general weakness.

Each of these symptoms, while not critical, leads to a constant feeling of discomfort and inability to lead a fulfilling lifestyle.

If you ignore the disease, the disease can worsen or become chronic.

Treatment

If the disease is complicated by diarrhea, adsorbents are used (Dysmectitis, activated carbon). Preparations Linex, Espumisan will relieve excessive gas formation and belching.

ethnoscience

Folk remedies are a good alternative to drug treatment. They are generally effective in the early stages of the disease.

To relieve cramping pains, flatulence, nausea, they drink decoctions of chamomile inflorescences, mint leaves, fennel fruits, calamus rhizomes, valerian.

A well-known folk treatment for constipation is the aloe plant. Aloe leaves over 2 years old are crushed and mixed with warmed honey. After insisting, take several times a day before meals. For chronic constipation, a mixture of dried fruits helps: dried apricots, figs, prunes.

Vegetable juices (cabbage, potato) relieve pain and heartburn in gastritis and stomach ulcers. Decoctions of peppermint, dill seeds, lemon balm will help eliminate nausea and vomiting. You can get rid of vomiting with viburnum or blueberry juice.

For abdominal pain, rice water is an effective method. If desired, you can add honey to it. The rice infusion acts as a soothing agent for inflamed mucous membranes. If the pain is accompanied by increased gas formation, they drink ginger or mint teas.

Astringent plants are used to relieve diarrhea. For this, decoctions are prepared from the bark of oak, St. John's wort and immortelle. Infusions of wormwood, sorrel root, rose hips are effective.

Surgical intervention

In some cases, for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, surgical intervention is required.

It is performed when:

severe cases of damage to the mucous membrane of the esophagus;
acute appendicitis;
elimination of intestinal obstruction in Crohn's disease;
complications of stomach ulcers;
malignant neoplasms;
secondary peritonitis;
gastric bleeding with gastritis.

Disease prevention plays an important role. A healthy lifestyle based on a balanced diet, psychological comfort, giving up bad habits, and combating excess weight will help prevent the appearance of many diseases.

Note!

The presence of symptoms such as:

smell from the mouth
stomach ache
heartburn
diarrhea
constipation
nausea, vomiting
belching
increased gas production (flatulence)

If you have at least 2 of these symptoms, then this indicates a developing

gastritis or ulcers. These diseases are dangerous for the development of serious complications (penetration, gastric bleeding, etc.), many of which can lead to

LETAL

the outcome. Treatment should be started now.

Read the article on how a woman got rid of these symptoms by defeating their root cause. Read the material ...

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - the main characteristic

The term "gastrointestinal diseases" refers to a very wide spectrum of diseases of the stomach and intestines due to the scale and complexity of a system such as the intestinal tract.

This article provides information on the most pressing issues, such as:

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract symptoms and treatment,
what disorder of the gastrointestinal tract can indicate the presence of a serious illness?
What symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases should you pay special attention to?

Violation of the gastrointestinal tract, the disease of which can be functional and organic, can be a reflection of many primary ailments, affecting, first of all, other systems.

The digestive system begins in the mouth, where saliva begins the digestion process. It continues with the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and rectum. The digestive system includes some exocrine glands (pancreas, liver).

The digestive system is influenced by the nervous (sympathetic, parasympathetic) and hormonal by many substances, some of which are produced in the endocrine glands, and some of which create the cells of the digestive system themselves.

The stomach is affected by various diseases, relatively, often, but, as a rule, a serious disorder in most cases is absent, therefore, it is not difficult to treat such disorders either.

The functions of the digestive system are to process food into absorbable substances and absorb them, maintain water and mineral levels, and eliminate waste and indigestible substances from the body. The liver and pancreas also have other very specific and complex functions in controlling the body.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular, the esophagus, most often, is gastroesophageal reflux disease. Also, gastrointestinal diseases include the following common disorders:

Inflammation (non-infectious and infectious - most often in people with impaired immunity).
Diaphragmatic hernia.
Ulcer.
Functional or organic motility disorders (blockage or narrowing of the passage by a foreign body, tumors, scarring and inflammation).
Akhalazia.
Benign neoplasm in the esophagus.

Separation of gastrointestinal disease

Diseases of the stomach

The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders include pain, dyspepsia, and movement deficits. Abdominal pain is the most common manifestation.

The stomach is affected by various diseases, relatively, often, but, as a rule, a serious disorder in most cases is absent, therefore, it is not difficult to treat such disorders either. One of the most common diseases is functional gastric dyspepsia and solar syndrome, the symptoms of the disease are manifested by digestive problems without the presence of an organic basis of the disease. Another disease that can befall the stomach is various inflammations (gastritis), which can be acute or chronic. Quite often, people suffer from peptic ulcer, which occurs, most often, in connection with Helicobacter pylori infection. More rarely, there is such a violation as gastropathy, which is not demonstrated by signs of gastritis, but there are some changes in the mucous membrane, accompanied by an ailment with digestive problems, and sometimes bleeding. On the basis of this disease, it can lead to gastric ulcer. The stomach can also be affected by tumors, both benign and malignant.

Bowel disease

The large intestine often suffers from functional diseases (irritable bowel syndrome), diverticulosis, functional disorders of the colon also include constipation and diarrhea (infectious, non-infectious basis), ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoids and, unfortunately, colon tumors (adenocarcinoma) are very common.

Symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract disease

The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders include pain, dyspepsia, and movement deficits.

Abdominal pain is the most common manifestation. It is divided into:

somatic - arises from irritation of the abdominal wall, peritoneum and diaphragm, the pain is acute, limited, localized, often accompanied by reflex muscle contraction (défense musculaire), leads to sensitive branches of the spinal nerves,
visceral - caused by irritation of internal organs (tension of the body or muscle wall of organs), dull pain, less amenable to analysis, as a rule, is localized in midline, its location does not correspond to the location of the organ, leads to sympathetic nerves,
shooting - caused by a strong stimulus or anatomical damage to organs (passage of stones, pinching of the intestine), pain radiates to the surface of the body, to the places of innervated spinal nerves from the same roots that feed the affected organ, the typical direction of pain helps to determine its origin.

When assessing abdominal pain, the following is observed:

Character - is the pain dull, constricting, burning ...
Localization - the location of the pain may not match the position of the organ.
Duration - usually differs depending on the type of disease. Convulsive pains last from a few seconds or minutes to hours, irritation of the mucous membrane manifests itself for days or even weeks of painful sensations.
Rhythm - Whether the pain alternates with periods of relief.
Irradiation - has greater importance than localization, allows you to determine the affected organ, the most common directions:

upward from the epigastrium: damage to the lower esophagus, cardiac stomach and upper stomach (in differential diagnosis, angina pectoris must be excluded),
in the upper right hypochondrium: gastroduodenal ulcer, disorders of the biliary tract, pancreas,
below right scapula: diseases of the gallbladder,
in the upper left hypochondrium and below the left scapula: disorders of the pancreas, stomach, colon cancer,
between the shoulder blades: inflammation of the esophagus, penetration of gastroduodenal ulcers,
irradiation to the shoulder: lesions of the diaphragm, subphrenic abscess, splenic infarction, perforation of the gastroduodenal ulcer,
in the groin: kidneys, urinary tract.

Colic is a rhythmically repetitive, constantly receding abdominal pain, of varying duration, caused by peristalsis of hollow organs (spasm and relaxation of smooth muscles), aggravated by overcoming obstruction of patency (biliary - stones in the bile duct, kidney - stones in the urinary tract, intestinal - intestinal obstruction, dyskinesia).

Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia is a difficult term to define. Used to briefly express gastrointestinal disorders of functional or organic origin or extragastrointestinal nature (metabolism, drugs).

Upper (gastric) dyspepsia is represented by the following phenomena:

nausea,
vomit,
belching
heartburn.

Lower (intestinal) dyspepsia is represented by the following phenomena:

abnormal bowel movements
flatulence (waste gases),
flatulence (accumulation of gas in the digestive tract).

Dysphagia

Manifested by a feeling of strangulation when swallowing food. In accordance with localization, it is divided into upper or lower type. The most common causes are ulcers or cancer of the esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and spasms.

Paradoxical dysphagia makes it difficult to swallow fluids. It is functional in nature.

Heartburn

Burning sensation behind the lower sternum associated with reflux of the contents of the stomach and duodenum into the esophagus. Features of the problem require the exclusion of angina.

Vomit

Has a complex reflexive nature, arises from irritation of the vomiting center.

In accordance with the reasons, the ailment can be divided into:

central - toxic effects (acidosis, uremia), reaction to medications(Digoxin, Morphine), psychogenic, intracranial hypertension (vomiting without nausea),
peripheral - gastroduodenal diseases, gallbladder diseases, otogenic disorders and during pregnancy.

A correct assessment of vomiting in terms of diagnostic assessment requires the context of its occurrence and the assessment of vomit.

Formation - depending on food intake (time and type of food).
Appearance - color, presence of food (fresh, digested), blood.
Odor - acidic indicates the presence of HCl, fecal - associated with intestinal obstruction.

Constipation and diarrhea

Constipation is a difficult bowel movement, hard stools.

Patients with characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome and general dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract are an extremely heterogeneous and large group in relation to treatment, both to therapists and specialists - gastroenterologists

Diarrhea is more frequent emptying of loose or watery stools than usual.

Examination of a person in both cases is subjective, which complicates the diagnosis.

The number of bowel movements, consistency, and the presence of food-related ingredients are assessed.
The feeling of urge to defecate, tenesmus is assessed.

The causes can be functional, infectious, organic, and always require careful assessment of the possible presence of colorectal cancer.

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Melena

Melena means liquid stools of black color, tarry appearance... Characterizes bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach). The assessment of the black color of the stool can be complicated by a previous meal of products containing animal blood, some medications (containing iron or bismuth, charcoal).

Bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract is manifested by intestinal bleeding (blood is not digested). The most common causes are colon and rectal cancer, internal hemorrhoids, and ulcerative colitis.

Hematemesis

It is manifested by vomiting of fresh or digested blood. Staining depends not only on the intensity of bleeding, but also on the rate of gastric emptying and the presence of HCl. Delayed emptying and the action of hydrochloric acid produces a brown-black coloration, the color of black coffee.

The source of bleeding is most often esophageal varices, gastric and duodenal ulcers, tumors and hemorrhagic gastropathy. The presence of blood during repeated, intense bouts of vomiting indicates a high likelihood of Mallory-Weiss syndrome (laceration - cracks in the mucous membrane of the distal esophagus).

Assessment of hematemesis requires exclusion of bleeding from another source (epistaxis, hemoptysis) or confusion after ingestion of coloring products (blueberries, red beets) or drugs (activated charcoal).

Hematemesis can occur simultaneously with melena.

Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases

First of all, it should be clarified that in case of signs of a serious problem (bleeding, vomiting of blood, melena), you should immediately consult a doctor!

Therapy for gastrointestinal disorders can be divided into two main approaches: non-pharmacological and pharmacological.

Non-pharmacological approach

It is very important for a person to determine the nature of the disease in detail in such a way that he could mentally cope with this information. Better results can be achieved through information and cooperation, which is essential in long-term treatment.

Changes in diet and diet

Elimination of products or their components that cause discomfort. With regard to nutrition, fiber, a drinking regimen, and regular consumption of small portions of food with a predominance of carbohydrates are important. Often, spicy foods, milk (especially in large quantities in one go) and raw milk, for example, dairy products, food prepared by frying and with a higher fat content.

The specialized literature also mentions the possibility of influencing the gastrointestinal tract disorders of hypnosis and psychotherapy.

Pharmacological approach

Medicines are selected according to the predominant symptom. Of the drugs, the following are mainly considered:

Antispasmodics.
Antidiarrheal drugs.
Antidepressants.
Prokinetic drugs and laxatives.

Antidiarrheal drugs

This is the most suitable group drugs for the treatment of irritable bowel with the presence of diarrhea. The most commonly prescribed Loperamide (Imodium) 2-4 mg up to 4 times a day, the drug slows down the passage of food through the intestines, increases the absorption of water and ions, increases the tone of the anal sphincter, which can lead to partial removal of unpleasant accompanying effects in many people. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier and is therefore preferred over diphenoxylate or codeine. The drug of the second choice is Cholestyramine, which can be used when considering the proportion of bile salts in the etiopathogenesis of irritable bowel.

Antispasmodics

The following drugs are available today:

Spasmomen.
Calcium antagonists, selective for the gastrointestinal tract.
Trimebutin (peripheral opioid antagonist).
Mebeverin (Duspatalin) with anticholinergic effect.

None of the drugs tested, however, are established, which greatly reduces their practical use. In this case, the effectiveness of long-term treatment is assessed by reducing exacerbations, the duration of symptoms and the occurrence of remission.

Antidepressants

Their reception is justified by the conditionally coexisting psychological changes in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. These include:

Sulpiride.
Tianeptine (Coaxil).
Amitriptyline.
Benzodiazepines - are considered only as a short term solution.
Other drugs are a very diverse group of substances for the use of which there are not sufficiently convincing pharmacological studies, but their use in medical practice is based on substantial empirical foundations. These include pancreatic enzymes, peppermint, cholestyramine, and others.

Conclusion

Patients with the characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome and general disorders of the gastrointestinal tract function are an extremely heterogeneous and large group in terms of treatment, both to therapists and to specialists - gastroenterologists. Due to its frequent occurrence, irritable bowel syndrome is often discussed. Objectification of subjective complaints is the most difficult area on which classification and treatment depends.

If you find symptoms that indicate the presence of a gastrointestinal disease, see your doctor. He will help determine the cause of the disease or send for further examination.

Smoking, lack of physical activity, excessive psycho-emotional stress, non-observance of the diet and hygiene - all this can lead to problems with the digestive system. How to prevent gastrointestinal diseases?
For the prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract great importance have a diet, rejection of bad habits, as well as the timely intake of special drugs. Learn more about gastrointestinal diseases ...

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During the period of autumn and spring beriberi, it is necessary to pay great attention to your own health, especially people with gastritis. What is gastritis?

A dozen organs participate in digestion, which grind food, assimilate nutrients and remove excess from the body. This is a "full cycle" system - from absorption food products and their processing to remove undigested residues. It is imperative that every element of it works clearly and does not fail.

How the human gastrointestinal tract works

The digestion process is a bit like descending a slide in a water park. The beginning of the way - oral cavity where food is chewed, crushed, mixed with saliva and turns into a soft lump of food.

It is interesting
The mucous membrane of the mouth has receptors that help to recognize the taste, temperature and texture of food. These sensors transmit signals to the brain, which activates the salivary, fundus, and pancreas.

The food journey continues into esophagus- a cylindrical muscular tube 22–25 cm long. The upper and lower esophageal sphincters at the ends serve as valves that prevent food from getting back into the oral cavity.

Stomach- a saccular muscular organ that connects the esophagus with the duodenum (duodenum). It is like a cauldron in which food is accumulated, mixed to a pasty mass and digested by the action of gastric juice. Stomach juice consists of enzymes and hydrochloric acid, due to which it has a pronounced acidity (about 1.5–2.0 pH). Gastric juice breaks down proteins and others chemical compounds after which they are transported to the small intestine for final digestion and absorption.

Length small intestine, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and occupying most of the abdominal cavity, - about 4.5 m. The small intestine contains glands that produce intestinal juice for the main digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients into the blood.

Colon- the lower part of the intestine, in which water, electrolytes, fiber are absorbed and unsuitable food residues are formed into feces. The large intestine is 1.5 m long and is subdivided into the cecum, colon, and rectum. The rectum - the end of the digestive tract - ends with an opening (anus). Serves for the accumulation of feces and bowel emptying. This is where the "unprecedented journey" ends - the processed food debris leaves the body.

Digestion also involves the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, gallbladder, and liver.

Pancreas located in close proximity to the stomach and duodenum. It secretes pancreatic juice, which contributes to the complete digestion of food and the course of metabolic processes.

Liver takes part in the metabolism of lipids, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates, synthesizes blood proteins: globulins, albumin and fibrinogen. The organ is involved in immunological reactions.

Functions gallbladder- store and serve as needed concentrated bile, which is constantly produced by liver cells. Bile is directly involved in human digestion and acts as a kind of antibacterial agent.

The role in digestion is also worth mentioning. kidney and adrenal glands related to the urinary system. They process the water coming from the colon, filtering it into suitable for the needs of the body and into urine containing unnecessary impurities and subject to excretion.

At each stage of the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract, disruptions are possible, leading to incomplete assimilation of food, problems with the elimination of waste material and threatening the development of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

Among the causes of problems with the digestive system, malnutrition, which has various forms, is in the lead. These are overeating and eating heavy food, malnutrition and starvation, irregular meals, quick snacks, scarcity and imbalance in the diet. Poorly purified water and harmful food additives negatively affect the digestive tract.

Disruptions in the digestive system negatively affect the entire body, reduce immunity, disrupt metabolism, lead to a deterioration in the appearance of the skin, brittle hair and nails. They are fraught with numbness in the limbs, pain in muscles and bones, and sleep disturbances.

Possible complications for the cardiovascular system: hypertension, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, risk of stroke and heart attack. Against the background of gastrointestinal diseases, anular stomatitis, glossitis, bleeding gums, eczema, neurodermatitis can develop. With advanced forms of gastrointestinal diseases, damage to the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads, thyroid gland is possible.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: what the statistics say

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are among the most common pathologies in the world.

Medical statistics
Mortality from gastroenterological causes in Russia ranks third after cardiovascular and oncological diseases and is about 0.08% (80 cases per 100,000 people). An increase in deaths by an average of 0.003% is recorded annually.

Men are 38% more likely to become victims of gastrointestinal diseases, which is associated with both uncontrolled alcohol consumption and late seeking medical help.

Among the deadly gastroenterological diseases, over 45% occupy liver disease caused by alcohol. Twice as many men die as women (ratio 16: 7). Acute pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas - the cause of death in 17% of gastroenterologist patients. Death from peritonitis due to rupture of the gallbladder is less than 1%.

Fatal bowel diseases are caused by advanced forms of inflammation and perforation (violation of integrity, formation of holes) of the walls of the small and large intestine. In particular, appendicitis (inflammation of the cecum) is responsible for up to 4% of all deaths associated with the gastrointestinal tract. The same amount falls on a heart attack (necrosis, necrosis) of the intestine.

Despite the widespread prevalence, stomach and duodenal ulcer is the cause of death in no more than 10% in the gastroenteric group.

Of non-lethal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic gastritis... It affects up to 80-90% of patients in the world, which is facilitated by the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa. V developing countries infection with Helicobacter in people over the age of 40 reaches 95%.

In Russia, the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach is noted according to various sources in 62–94% of adult patients.

The consequence of gastritis - stomach ulcer found in every 15th inhabitant of the Earth. In our country, the statistics are more optimistic - only 1 out of 40 Russians is sick. Men "earn" ulcers 2-4 times more often than women.

Prevalence gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) reaches 50% among the adult population. Symptoms of the disease are noted equally often in both men and women.

Duodenitis- a common disease of the duodenum, which is faced by 5-10% of patients. In men, it is diagnosed twice as often due to alcohol abuse and poor lifestyle choices.

Relatively frequent and colitis- inflammatory diseases of the walls of the large intestine. The cause of the disease is pathogenic microbes (streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli).

Appendicitis (inflammation of the cecum) occurs in 30% of Russians.

Every tenth man and every fourth woman who complains of abdominal pain is diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis (cholelithiasis).

Among children and adults, common dysbiosis- imbalance of intestinal microflora, leading to disruption of the digestive system.

Symptoms of the most common gastrointestinal diseases

Typical signs of gastrointestinal pathologies: heartburn (burning sensation from the throwing of stomach contents into the esophagus), flatulence and intestinal stenosis (bloating caused by the accumulation of gas in the intestines), belching (discharge of gas from the stomach or esophagus), nausea and vomiting, problems with stools (constipation or diarrhea), bad breath, plaque on the tongue.

Less common: dysphagia (impaired swallowing, accompanied by pain and a feeling of stopping the food lump), impurities in the feces (blood, mucus, undigested food residues), swelling of the tongue, bitterness in the mouth, itching and other allergic reactions. Diseases of a single pathogenesis have both general and specific features.

Diseases of the stomach

Pain in the epigastric (epigastric) region and dyspeptic syndrome (sour belching, heartburn, vomiting, and nausea) can indicate a number of diseases of the stomach, esophagus, and PrEP.

At peptic ulcer, which is a wound of the wall of the PrEP or stomach, there are sharp periodic pains in the left hypochondrium, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, bloody impurities in the feces.

Inflammatory processes of the stomach ( gastritis) and duodenum ( duodenitis). The diseases are accompanied by sharp, aching or pulling pains in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and problems with stools. Patients experience a feeling of a full stomach and a heaviness in the abdomen even with little food intake.

Hernia of the esophagus also gives off pain in the epigastric region when changing posture and after eating. Back pain and girdle pain are also possible. In 20% of patients (mainly over 60 years old), pain in the region of the heart is noted against the background of concomitant cardiac diseases.

The intestine often suffers from inflammatory processes, infectious lesions. Inflammation of the colon and small intestine ( enteritis and colitis) are accompanied by stool disorder (up to 15 times a day). During and immediately after bowel movements, the patient experiences severe weakness, dizziness, nausea, and a drop in pressure. Bloating, cold sweat, trembling limbs, tachycardia, as well as loud rumbling, splashing noise and tenderness on palpation are noted.

Signs of paraproctitis, or abscess(purulent inflammation) rectum- these are severe pains in the rectum or perineum. Against the background of an increase in the size of the abscess, the pain intensifies, the urge to defecate becomes painful, the temperature rises, and chills are possible.

Dysbacteriosis manifests itself as a violation of the stool, bloating, cramping pains, dyspeptic disorders and allergic reactions(itching and rashes on the skin).

Hemorrhoids(varicose veins of the rectum) are characterized by bleeding or smearing with blood after the act of defecation, prolapse of hemorrhoids through the anus and pain during bowel movement, continuing for some time (when walking, in a sitting and lying position).

Symptoms appendicitis is determined by the patient's age, the area of the appendix in the abdominal cavity and the presence of complications. Are characteristic Blunt pain in the right side, weakness and headache, which may be accompanied by pain in the legs, nausea in combination with a single vomiting, frequent loose stools, temperature within 38 degrees.

One of the most common and at the same time mysterious pathologies should not be overlooked - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) accompanied by abdominal cramps, stool disturbance, painful bloating. SRK is providing Negative influence on the whole body: the patient complains of headache, insomnia, increased fatigue, palpitations, even in complete rest. According to most experts, IBS has a psychosomatic nature and appears as a result of stress, severe emotional overload. However, to get rid of the problem, it is important not only to come to peace of mind, but also to apply a complex drug treatment... One of the solutions can be the intake of bismuth preparations, which simultaneously have a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and protective effect.

Liver disease

Spicy hepatitis C(inflammatory viral liver damage) is marked by a whole range of symptoms. Among them: weakness, decreased appetite and performance, sleep disturbance, aversion to food, a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, pain in large joints, the appearance of a rash, fever, darkening of urine, yellowing of the skin (hence the popular name of the disease - jaundice).

The first signs cirrhosis of the liver are: a feeling of a full abdomen, decreased performance, pain in the right hypochondrium, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, bleeding gums and nosebleeds, fever, flatulence, nausea, vomiting.

Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract

Signs of cholecystitis(inflamed gallbladder) - acute pain in the right hypochondrium, intestinal distention, bouts of nausea and vomiting. The pain intensifies with a deep breath during palpation of the gallbladder zone. Many patients report a slight increase in temperature.

Diseases of the pancreas

In sick pancreatitis there are frequent complaints of acute abdominal pain, accompanied by nausea and vomiting with gastric juice, mucus, bile, etc. Bloating, dry mouth, and belching are also present. Cyanotic spots often appear on the left side and in the navel area.

Most common and life-threatening diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are caused by inflammatory processes against the background of bacterial or viral infection... Digestion is a single interconnected system and diseases of its organs can consistently develop according to the domino principle. The source of the avalanche of problems is often in the stomach, which we put to the test of strength on a daily basis. Therefore, in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract pathologies, an integrated approach using gastroprotective (protective) and antiseptic gastrointestinal drugs is effective.

They are found in all groups of the population and are one of the most common diseases in comparison with pathologies of other organs. Statistics show that about 95% of the population in one way or another needs regular consultations of a gastroenterologist.

Common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Chronic gastritis Is a long-term recurrent inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa associated with its structural restructuring and dysfunction of the stomach.

Chronic gastroduodenitis- This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the duodenum and the outlet of the stomach. The most important factor in the development of both gastritis and gastroduodenitis is the entry of Helicobacter pylori bacteria into the digestive system.

Ulcer- deep inflamed defect of the mucous membrane and underlying tissues of the stomach or duodenum. The ulcer, as a rule, is of a chronic nature and occurs as a result of infections, mechanical, chemical or radiation damage, as well as as a result of blood supply disturbances. Peptic ulcer disease has a recurrent course, and periods of exacerbations often occur in autumn or spring.

Chronic colitis is an inflammation of the inner lining of the colon. Chronic colitis is most often the result of an acute form of pathology. The most common cause is intestinal infections. Ulcerative colitis is one of the forms of colitis, which is characterized not only by chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, but also by its ulceration. Genetic factors play an important role in its occurrence.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disease characterized by chronic abdominal pain and discomfort, abdominal distention and abnormal bowel function without any organic cause. Psychoemotional stress is considered to be the main cause of this disease.

Chronic pancreatitis is an inflammatory-dystrophic pathology of the glandular tissue of the pancreas. It is associated with a violation of the patency of the ducts of the gland and a decrease in its producing functions. The most common causes of pancreatitis are cholelithiasis and alcohol abuse, combined with a heavy meal. In addition, trauma, poisoning and viral diseases can cause pancreatitis. A common reason of this disease are psychogenic effects: psychological trauma, stress, nervous strain. One of the most important development factors chronic pancreatitis smoking is also.

Risk groups for gastrointestinal diseases

Different diseases have different predisposing factors, for example, the risk group for peptic ulcer disease is men aged 20-40 years, and malignant neoplasms are more common in people over 50 years old. In addition, the sex of a person matters: cancers are 2 times more common in men, and pathologies of the secretory apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract are 3 to 5 times more likely to develop in women. The risk group for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract also includes people who have a burdened heredity for such pathologies.

Symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract

Symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases are very diverse and directly depend on which organ is affected. TO common features accompanying the pathology of the digestive system include:

abdominal pain of varying intensity and localization;
lack of appetite;
belching and heartburn;
nausea and vomiting;
losing weight;
stool disorders;
general weakness;
flatulence.

Causes of gastrointestinal disease

The main reasons that provoke the development of gastrointestinal pathologies:

overweight;
smoking;
alcohol abuse;
improper diet and violation of its regime;
stress;
diabetes mellitus;
abuse of carbonated drinks and coffee;
low physical activity;
infectious lesions of the body.

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease

In modern gastroenterology, therapy of the gastrointestinal tract is always preceded by a thorough diagnosis, which includes:

ultrasound examinations (ultrasound);
endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract (FGDS, irrigoscopy);
intragastric pH-metry;
electrogastroenterography;
manometry of the digestive tract;
radiation diagnostics;
biopsy.

Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases

The basic principles of the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases include drug therapy, adherence to special diets, physiotherapy methods, physiotherapy exercises and surgical interventions.

1. Observe the nutritional conditions and regime. Frequent meals, divided into small portions, will be useful. It is undesirable to skip meals, especially breakfast. Before eating, be sure to thoroughly wash your hands and all those foods that will not be cooked. This will protect your body from the penetration of pathogens into it.

2. Eat a proper diet. It will be useful to reduce the consumption of fried, fatty, smoked, salted foods. In addition, it is necessary to increase the fiber content in the diet (vegetables and fruits, bran bread, cereals). Eat as much coarse fiber food as possible, fresh salads, try to use less vinegar and similar ingredients when cooking.

3. Avoid overeating. Eat in moderation, remember that a standard portion of food should not exceed 300 - 400 ml if presented in a liquid state. On the other hand, you cannot force yourself to starve, you must eat in an orderly and correct way.

4. Control your body weight. If you are overweight you should try to lose weight. Remember that this must be done correctly: weight loss should not be more than 0.5 kg for women and 1 kg for men per week.

5. Give up alcohol completely or keep it to a minimum. The maximum safe dose of alcohol consumption is no more than 30 ml of ethanol for men and 20 ml for women per day. Remember also that low-quality alcoholic beverages contain various dyes, chemical components, excess sugar, preservatives and flavorings. All of these substances have a detrimental effect on the digestive system. Consume only natural, pure and high-quality alcoholic beverages, and it is better to refuse them altogether.

6. Stop smoking. When nicotine is exposed to the body, there is no “normal” or minimum dose. To really reduce the level of pathological effects of tar and nicotine on the digestive organs, it is necessary to quit smoking completely.

7. Learn to deal with stressful situations. Try not to get nervous, go for a walk, rest and get enough sleep. Such measures will not only improve the condition of the digestive system, but also improve your overall health.

8. When diabetes mellitus the disease must be carefully monitored. Do not ignore the recommendations of your healthcare professional, eat right, monitor your well-being carefully, and control your blood sugar. If painful sensations appear in the gastrointestinal tract, you should immediately consult with your doctor in order to prevent the development of complications.

9. Limit your consumption of carbonated drinks and coffee. A safe dose of coffee is 300 - 400 ml of ready-made natural drink per day (2 - 3 coffee cups). Carbonated drinks should also be drunk as little as possible. It is advisable to limit yourself to one glass per day or completely refuse them.

10. Move more. Normally intense physical activity adult should be at least 150 minutes per week. If this indicator is insufficient, try to increase it, for example, by playing sports.