Sequence of extinguishing a vertical surface. General rules for using fire extinguishers

Fire is an uncontrolled combustion leading to damage and possible loss of life. Hazardous fire factors affecting people are: open flames and sparks, elevated temperature environment, toxic combustion products, smoke, reduced oxygen concentration, collapse of building structures, explosions of technological equipment, falling of burnt trees, failures of burnt soil.

Greatest danger for humans it represents inhalation of heated air, leading to damage to the upper respiratory tract, suffocation and death. Thus, exposure to temperatures above 100°C leads to loss of consciousness and death within a few minutes. Skin burns are also dangerous. A person who has received a second degree burn - 30% of the body surface - has little chance of survival.

In case of fire in modern buildings using polymer and synthetic materials, toxic combustion products can affect people. However, in 50-80% of cases, deaths in fires are caused by carbon monoxide poisoning and lack of oxygen.

Fire extinguishing is carried out mainly by professional fire-fighting units. However, every citizen must be able to eliminate fires and, if necessary, participate in the fight against fire.

There are three main ways to extinguish a fire: cooling the burning substance, for example, with water; isolating it from air access (with earth, sand, blanket) and, finally, removing flammable substances from the combustion zone (pumping flammable liquid, dismantling combustible structures).

You need to start fighting a fire from the area where the fire can pose a threat to human life, cause the greatest damage, cause an explosion or collapse of structures.

The main method of extinguishing burning buildings is the supply of fire extinguishing agents (water, sand, foam) to the burning surfaces.

When extinguishing a fire, you should first of all stop the spread of the fire, and then extinguish it in places of the most intense burning, applying a jet not to the flame, but to the burning surface. When extinguishing a vertical surface, the jet must be directed first to its upper part, gradually lowering. A small fire in the house should be filled with water or covered with a thick, wet cloth.

In conditions of developing fires, measures must be taken to ensure that the fire does not spread to an adjacent part of the building or to neighboring buildings. To do this, they disassemble the fragments of burning structures and remove them from the combustion zone. Remove flammable materials from fire paths. The surfaces of neighboring buildings are watered, and observers are placed on the roofs to extinguish flying sparks and firebrands. Burning external surfaces are extinguished with water. Window sashes are extinguished both from the outside and from the inside of the building. First of all, you need to extinguish curtains, drapes, curtains to prevent the spread of fire indoors.

A fire in the attic can quickly become large, so extinguish the fire there first.

If furniture catches fire, water should be distributed over as much of the area as possible on fire. Bedding that has ignited should be poured with plenty of water without removing it from the bed, and then taken outside and the extinguishing should be completed there.

When rescuing people during a fire, main and emergency entrances and exits, stationary and portable ladders are used. People caught in a fire in a building seek refuge on the upper floors or try to jump out of windows and balconies. In fire conditions, many of them incorrectly assess the situation and take inappropriate actions. When leaving a smoke-filled room, cover your face with a towel or scarf moistened with water.

If you find a child, wrap him in a blanket, coat, jacket, and take him out immediately. Out of fear, small children often hide under beds, in closets, or hide in corners.

When extinguishing fires in rural areas, it is necessary to take into account some features. For example, a livestock building caught fire. First of all, it is necessary to take the animals to a safe place, as far as possible from the fire. If hay and straw are stored nearby, do everything to prevent the fire from spreading there. If straw or sheaves stacked in stacks or stacks catch fire, first of all the flames are knocked down, for which the stack or stack is first watered with a diffuse stream of water, and then, starting from the top, with a powerful stream. After the burning stops, the stack or stack is dismantled, the burnt hay or straw is scattered to the sides and watered with water.

When extinguishing fires in a grain warehouse, the flames are first knocked out, and then the grain is watered with a spray jet. After this, the grain is shoveled, separating the burnt grain.

Instructions for the use of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers (CO2)

• Actions of a Company employee in the event of a fire or signs of combustion (smoke, burning smell, increased temperature, etc.)

1. Stop working;
2. Disconnect electrical equipment;
3. Report the incident by phone 01 or mobile phone 112v fire department, in this case it is necessary to give the address of the facility, the location of the fire, and your last name;
4. Take, if possible, measures to evacuate people, extinguish the fire with primary fire extinguishing means, and preserve inventory items.

Comparative characteristics of OP and OS

Characteristic	OP	Op-amp
Operating principle	based on the use of excess pressure energy created in the fire extinguisher body	based on the use of excess pressure energy that is created in the fire extinguisher body
Fire extinguishing effect	consists of mechanically knocking down the flame and displacing oxygen from the combustion zone	based on cooling the combustion zone and diluting the flammable vapor-gas-air environment with an inert (non-flammable) substance to concentrations at which the combustion reaction stops
Operating temperature range	from -50 to +50 o C	from -20 to + 50 o C
Purpose (fire classes)	A, B, C, D, E. The specific classes of fires that a particular fire extinguisher is designed to extinguish are indicated on the fire extinguisher label.	for extinguishing fires of various materials and substances, as well as electrical installations, cables and wires under voltage up to 1 kV. The specific classes of fires that a particular fire extinguisher is designed to extinguish are indicated on the label.

Features of extinguishing fires and fires.

• The powder ejection time ranges from 6 to 15 seconds.
• When extinguishing fires with powder fire extinguishers, the fire is eliminated as soon as the combustion zone is surrounded by a cloud of powder of the required concentration; in addition, the cloud of powder has a shielding property, which makes it possible to approach the burning object at a close distance.
• At the very beginning of extinguishing, you should not get too close to the fire, since due to the high speed of the powder jet, strong air suction (ejection) occurs, which only fans the flame above the fire. In addition, when extinguishing from a short distance, scattering or spraying of burning materials with a powerful jet of powder may occur, which will not lead to extinguishing, but to an increase in the area of ​​the fire.
• Powder fire extinguishers are not allowed to extinguish electrical equipment energized above 1000 V.
• Powder extinguishers should not be used to protect equipment that could be damaged by powder (some electronic equipment, electric cars collector type, etc.).
• Powder fire extinguishers, due to the high dust content during their operation and, as a consequence, sharply deteriorating visibility of the fire source and escape routes, as well as the irritating effect of the powder on the respiratory system, are not recommended for use in small rooms (less than 40 cubic meters).

• Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers must not be used to extinguish fires of electrical equipment energized above 10 kV.
• A carbon dioxide fire extinguisher equipped with a metal socket should not be used to extinguish fires from live electrical equipment.
• When operating carbon dioxide fire extinguishers of all types, it is prohibited to hold the nozzle with an unprotected hand, since when carbon dioxide escapes, a snow-like mass with a temperature of minus 60-70°C is formed.
• Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should be used in cases where effective fire extinguishing requires fire retardant substances that do not damage equipment and facilities (computer centers, electronic equipment, etc.).
• When using carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, it must be borne in mind that carbon dioxide in large concentrations relative to the volume of the room can cause poisoning of personnel, therefore, after using carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, small rooms should be ventilated.
• Before using mobile carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, the number of personnel present in the room should be limited.

1. Pull out the sealed pin.
2. Direct the bell towards the source of the fire, do not touch the bell with your hand, as the temperature during operation drops to minus 60-70 degrees - you can get burned.
3. Open the locking and starting device (press the lever or turn the handwheel counterclockwise until it stops).
4. The lever allows you to interrupt the supply of carbon dioxide.

Disadvantages of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers:

• in high concentrations, carbon dioxide is dangerous to human health;
• the possibility of significant thermal stresses appearing in structures when they are exposed to a fire extinguishing agent with a relatively low sub-zero temperature and as a result, their loss of bearing capacity;
• possibility of discharges static electricity on the socket when the fire extinguishing agent exits the fire extinguisher;
• danger of frostbite when coming into contact with metal parts of a fire extinguisher or a jet;
• strong dependence of the intensity of the fire extinguishing agent on the ambient temperature.

General features of using carbon dioxide fire extinguishers:

Not allowed:

1. Operate the fire extinguisher if dents, swellings or cracks appear on the fire extinguisher body, on the shut-off head or on the union nut, as well as if the tightness of the connections of the fire extinguisher components is broken or if the pressure indicator is faulty.
2. Place fire extinguishers near heating appliances, avoid direct contact sun rays on cylinders.
3. Strike the fire extinguisher or source of propellant gas.
4. When working, direct the fire spray towards nearby people.

The principle of operation is based on the displacement of carbon dioxide by excess pressure. When the shut-off and release device is opened, CO 2 flows through the siphon tube to the socket. CO 2 changes from a liquefied state to a solid (snow-like) state. The temperature drops sharply (to -70 o C). Carbon dioxide, falling on a burning substance, isolates it from oxygen.
ACTIVATING A MANUAL FIRE EXTINGUISHER

fire extinguisher OHP-10 you need:

1. Raise the handle up and throw it all the way, then shake it

fire extinguisher several times and direct the resulting stream of foam

directly onto the burning part of the surface.

2. Raise the handle up, throw it all the way, then turn it over

the bottom of the burning surface.

3. Raise the handle up, throw it all the way, then turn it over

fire extinguisher upside down and direct the resulting stream of foam towards

the top of the burning surface.

4. If there are burning electric lights on a vertical surface

wires, first of all extinguish them as the main source of combustion.

After extinguishing burning clothing on a victim, you must:

1. Lubricate the burn surface with whale, badger, bear

fat or sprinkle with starch, soda, flour, then close the burn

surface with a dry sterile sheet, give the victim 2-3

analgin tablets and offer plenty of fluids.

2. Try to remove remnants of clothing and dirt, open burn wounds

bubbles, wash the burn surface with a weak solution

potassium permanganate, cover the damaged surface with a clean cloth

and until the ambulance arrives, provide the victim with peace.

3. Cover the burn surface with a dry, sterile sheet or

diaper, fill with snow, ice or cold water polyethylene

packages, plastic bottles and apply them to the burn surface

over a dry sheet or diaper, give to the victim

painkillers, provide the victim with complete rest until

When the ambulance arrives, offer plenty of fluids.

Aviation events are divided into:

#7incidents

incidents

emergencies

ground incidents

disasters

An aircraft accident is:

inappropriate.

An aircraft breakdown is:

1. an aviation accident that did not result in the death of members

crew and passengers, but leading to complete destruction or

severe damage to the aircraft, resulting in

restoring it is technically and economically impossible

inappropriate.

2. an aircraft accident that resulted in the death of members

crew or passengers in case of destruction, damage or loss

aircraft, as well as the death of people from injuries received,

occurring within 30 days from the date of the incident.

3. an aircraft accident that was not followed by the death of members

crew and passengers, resulting in damage to the aircraft,

repair of which is possible and economically feasible.

An aviation incident is:

1. an event in which the health of at least one of the persons in

on board, damage caused or the circumstances of the incident

indicate that an accident almost occurred.

2. an event related to the flight operation of an aircraft,

which could create or created a threat to his integrity and/or life

persons on board, but did not end in aviation

incident.

3. events not related to aviation, but related to operation

aircraft.

Fire extinguishers are divided into several main types - foam, powder and carbon dioxide. Foam fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish flammable liquids such as gasoline, varnish, oil, paint, and so on. They can also extinguish fires in solid materials - except for devices located under electrical voltage. Powder fire extinguishers are used to eliminate fires of flammable and flammable liquids, paints, varnishes, plastics and electrical devices, the voltage of which is no more than 1000 volts.

The fire extinguisher should not be too heavy so that any family members, including children, can use it if necessary.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers can extinguish various substances, liquids and materials, as well as installations connected to the power grid. This type fire extinguishers are considered the most effective due to their composition, which allows extinguishing fire as quickly as possible. Typically, fire extinguishers are used in the following way: you need to break the seal, pull out the pin, point the nozzle at the fire and start extinguishing it, holding the fire extinguisher in a vertical position. However, there are a number of rules for its use that you need to know.

Rules for the correct use of fire extinguishing agents

The fire extinguisher should be kept out of reach of direct sunlight, children and heating appliances. The room temperature should be average. When using, the charge must be applied in portions, every 3-5 seconds. The charge stream should always be directed from the windward side, and when extinguishing a burning electrical installation, the fire extinguisher should not be brought closer than 1 meter to it.

When using a fire extinguisher, do not touch the nozzle with your bare hand to avoid frostbite on your skin.

Oil fires are extinguished with foam fire extinguishers, covering the entire burning surface with foam. Burning oil should not be extinguished with a jet directed from top to bottom. The fire must be extinguished from the nearest edge, gradually going deeper into the source of the fire. A fire that starts in a niche should be extinguished from top to bottom. If a powder fire extinguisher is used, the fire must be extinguished from the windward side, directing the stream not at the fire, but at the burning surface. If you have several fire extinguishers, use them all at the same time. You should never turn your back even on an extinguished fire, and used fire extinguishers must be recharged immediately.

Designed for extinguishing fires various substances and materials, electrical installations under voltage up to 1000 V, engines internal combustion, flammable liquids.

It is prohibited to extinguish materials that burn without air access.

The operating principle is based on the displacement of carbon dioxide by excess pressure. When the shut-off and release device is opened, CO2 flows through the siphon tube to the socket. CO2 changes from a liquefied state to a solid (snow-like) state. The temperature drops sharply (down to -70C). Carbon dioxide, falling on a burning substance, isolates it from oxygen.

Foam fire extinguishers

Designed for extinguishing fires and ignitions of solid substances and materials, flammable liquids and gas liquids, except for alkali metals and substances whose combustion occurs without air access, as well as live electrical installations.

Operating principle of a chemical fire extinguisher. When the shut-off and trigger device is activated, the valve of the cup opens, releasing the acidic part of the fire extinguishing agent. When the fire extinguisher is turned over, the acid and alkali react. Shaking speeds up the reaction. The resulting foam flows through the nozzle (spray) to the source of the fire.

Operating principle of air-foam fire extinguishers is based on the displacement of a foaming agent solution by excess pressure of the working gas (air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide). When the shut-off and starting device is activated, the plug of the cylinder with the working gas is pierced. The foaming agent is squeezed out by gas through channels and a siphon tube. In the nozzle, the foaming agent is mixed with the sucked air, and foam is formed. It falls on the burning substance, cools it and isolates it from oxygen.

A chemical foam fire extinguisher must be recharged every year, whether it has been used or not.

Foam fire extinguishers are prohibited from extinguishing live electrical installations.

Powder fire extinguishers

Designed for extinguishing fires and fires of petroleum products, flammable liquids and gases, solvents, solids, as well as electrical installations under voltage up to 1000V.

Operating principle of fire extinguishers with a built-in gas pressure source. When the shut-off and starting device is activated, the plug of the cylinder with the working gas (carbon dioxide, nitrogen) is pierced. Gas enters the lower part of the fire extinguisher body through the supply tube and creates excess pressure. The powder is forced out through a siphon tube and a hose to the barrel. By pressing the barrel trigger, you can feed the powder in portions. The powder, falling on the burning substance, isolates it from air oxygen.

Operating principle of a pump fire extinguisher. The working gas is pumped directly into the fire extinguisher body. When the shut-off and trigger device is activated, the powder is displaced by gas through a siphon tube into the hose and to the nozzle barrel or nozzle. The powder can be served in portions. It falls on the burning substance and isolates it from air oxygen.

Before extinguishing, make sure there are no twists or kinks in the fire extinguisher hose.

After extinguishing, make sure that the source has been eliminated and the fire will not recur.

Self-triggering powder fire extinguisher (OSP)

Designed for extinguishing small fires and solid fires organic matter, flammable liquids and flammable liquids, melting materials, electrical installations at voltages up to 1000V.

Aerosol generators "Purga"

Serve for automatic or manual extinguishing of fires in industrial and domestic premises with a volume of up to 200 sq.m. When triggered, a highly dispersed aerosol is released, which inhibits flame combustion. Starting units: electrical, thermal and mechanical (manual).

Rules for working with a fire extinguisher

1. When extinguishing electrical installations with a powder fire extinguisher, apply the charge in portions after 3-5 seconds
2. Do not bring the fire extinguisher closer than 1m to a burning electrical installation.
3. Direct the charge stream only from the windward side
4. Do not touch the mouth of a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher with your bare hand to avoid frostbite.
5. When extinguishing oil products, use a foam fire extinguisher to cover the entire surface of the fireplace with foam, starting from the nearest edge
6. When extinguishing an oil fire, it is prohibited to direct the charge stream from top to bottom.
7. Direct the stream of charge to the nearest edge of the fireplace, gradually deepening as the fire extinguishes.
8. Extinguish the fire below from top to bottom
9. If possible, use multiple fire extinguishers to extinguish the fire.

Rules for working with powder fire extinguishers

1. Extinguish the fire from the windward side
2. When flammable liquid is spilled, start extinguishing from the leading edge, directing the jet of powder at the burning surface, and not at the flame
3. Extinguish the leaking liquid from top to bottom
4. Extinguish a burning vertical surface from the bottom up
5. If there are several fire extinguishers, they must be used simultaneously
6. Make sure that an extinguished fire does not flare up again (never turn your back to it)
7. After use, fire extinguishers must be recharged immediately.